It is in description Essay

1.The Salon was extremely important for artists wanting to establish their reputations. How do artists address that same challenge today? For all its pomp and popularity, the manner in which The Salon aids in establishing artists mainly through the same way that people seek to establish themselves in today’s modern times; finding a means to showcase one’s works to as many people as possible. This was answered by The Salon by providing a grounds that had no parallel in popularity, hence reaching multitudes of audiences at any given year. Nowadays, with the absence of such tightly-knit cultural circles such as those in the visual art field, modern technology allows for artists to reach out and display their works for al to see, in an even more convenient way – through the internet. There are websites that host image displays, allowing artists to create a portfolio that is easily accessible and available at any time at their whims. Given time and popularity, one may even venture out into creating one’s own website for the purpose of galleries and whatnot. 2. How did art reflect the period’s preoccupation with science? At the time, architecture was already undergoing a transformation due to the influence of neoclassicism. However the biggest reflection of science in art during this period was the introduction of the Industrial Revolution which took place from the 18th century to the 19th century. This reflected in art pieces and such, showing the change taking place not only in art but in the development of mankind in a way where artists are somehow likened to historians, keeping tabs on the development of man 3. How did revolution influence art in the eighteenth century? What revolutions are influencing art today? Art in the 18th century were influenced deeply by the French Revolution as political and structural change we being implemented left and right. These changes found their way into art as well, for the change in society is often reflected in art through means descriptive of change as well. Not only was it the French Revolution that affected art in this way, but the Industrial Revolution as well. Nowadays, art is being greatly influenced by the digital revolution, wherein visual art is created through computers. 4. Neoclassicism was popular in Europe and the United States. (Just take a look at the government buildings in Washington, D. C.) Why was the style so appealing? What did the builders expect the style to express? Why do we think it represents us? Neoclassicism became very popular in the United States as well as in Europe for the fact that it allows one culture to honor their traditions in architecture, paying proper homage to that which had been developed by their forefathers, meanwhile allowing a bit of leeway enough to alter these traditions in manners unoffensive to the past. May of those who sought to incorporate this style in building were able to do so, honoring traditional values and developing current ones. It is deemed to represent us so aptly as it is important for one people to respect and honor and especially remember their heritage. 1. Technology radically changed 19th century architecture. What are some of the changes that modern technology has brought to architecture? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do they sometimes complicate our lives? With the introduction of innovation, most often the perception of man that has endured for so long – often as long as it took since the last revolutionary technology – takes a drastic overhaul; a major if not total restructuring or reinventing of tried and tested theories as well as practices. The art field is no different. With the introduction of modern techniques, from brushes to pens to digital media, art has undergone many transitions from one media to another, and from one technology to the next. Architecture, for example, has made developmental leaps and bounds through time as proved by the wildly varied architectural styles from different periods. Even as we enter the modern age, architecture continually develops to suit the needs of the current societal trends as well as tastes. Modern technology made it possible for new concepts in architecture to arise such as use of materials that treat the air around it, and conveniences such as with durable materials that remain lightweight yet sturdy. Advancements in modern technology have made it convenient to set into stone concepts that would not have been possible before. However, some of these concepts that up until recently had not been possible also allowed the creation of other architectural experiments that serve no true purpose than to prove its possibility, at the cost of practicality. 2. Why were historical styles popular in the 19th century? What did artists and architects hope to achieve by executing those styles in new materials? From the year 1800 until the end of the century in the coming of the year 1900, many architectural styles had grown in fame as well as practitioners, 19th century Victorian architecture in the land of Glasgow, Scotland, for example, is one of the more popular historical architectural styles of the century. It had reached its climax in popularity during 1817 – 1875 and was used to denote a grand sophistication about the structures at the time. It symbolized the boldness as well as the audacity and wealthiness of the people of Glasgow and even now, with the incorporation of the styles, it showcases the grandeur and bravura and pride within one’s self. 3. Baudelaire urged artists to paint the â€Å"heroism of modern life.† How do painters and sculptors address that challenge today? Why do artists still think it’s important to do? Charles Baudelaire’s concept of â€Å"The Heroism of Modern Life† was one he so boldly ventured forth in doing as presented in Salon of 1846. Nevertheless, there are still quite many artists who see it fit to tackle such sensitive matters in the way Charles Baudelaire did: blatantly painting a picture of despair and misery, all the time extending the factors of hope and mystery. This is deemed important by many artists of today especially in the trying, troubling times that beplague humanity today to show that no matter what adversity we may face, there will always be hope. 4. When photography was first invented, artists claimed it wasn’t art because it was a mechanical process. What inventions are available to create visual images that people do not consider to be art? Why do artists still use them? The classification of photography by most visual art purists as a field unfitting of the term art stem from their perception of visual art as something that has to be rendered solely by the hands of the artist. As such they tend to discriminate against photography, wherein the images captured themselves may have long been around to have not been rendered or created by the photographer. However, the fact that photographers are   able to create visually appealing photographs are often the results of their development of various artistic talents; mastery of composition, knowledge of depths, and a keen eye for that which although seemingly mundane may be captured on film in such a way that exudes aesthetically pleasing qualities, hence should be considered art. In the same sense, these artistic purists also look down upon those who are able to create art through means that may be easily reproduced. Art trades such as the use of typography, mosaics, stencils, and the like are easily dismissed as not art or at least a lower form of it. What is often overlooked with these said fields – including photography – is that the conceptualization alone of these images is already an art in itself, let alone the execution and process of putting these said ideas into visual imagery. Thus artists continue to use these as they do not necessarily hamper one’s artistry, but rather opens new opportunities to expand the possibilities of visual creation.

Want and Ambition

1. What spring in to your mind when you hear the word â€Å"ambition†? Whenever I hear the word ambition as if there’s someone beside me and telling to take actions! I have so many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. These ambitions will help me to strive harder and reach the goal to be a successful one. 2. Are you ambitious? Yes, I am ambitious. Definitely I am, we all need to accept the facts that people meant to be ambitious to take harder or strive to get what we goal in life. Related article: My Aim Is To Become A CollectorPeople who are â€Å"ambitious† are viewed sometimes as either selfish or unrealistic. But still no matter how we look on it, there are no such bad things in having ambition. All we need to do is admit it to ourselves and give ourselves permission to pursue it. 4. Who is the most ambitious person you know? I am ambitious person; I have many ambitions in life that I need to fulfill. I knew inside me that I have many things I want to have or achieve. In family, career and even in fame there are a lot of these ambitions in my life. 5.What were your ambitions when you were a child? When I was small, I was dreaming to become a journalist. Whenever I hear someone reporting on television I will face in front of the mirror and will hold anything and pretend that it’s a microphone and start repeating the message that the reporter stated on the news. Later on I decided that I would like to build a big shop where kids would be able t o find everything they needed so as their dreams would come true. My parents were always smiling at me, charmed by my high ambitions in life.While growing, I started to form more  definite picture of my future  and was almost sure that I want to be a diplomat. 7. What ambition do you have that you think you'll realize and won't realize? 8. Why do you have ambitions? I have my ambition because, having ambition in hard times like things are not going well, will lead me to get myself out of them and find happiness and success. If we have no ambition in our life, we have no drive for anything. Nothing will seem important. 9.What’s the different between ambition and a dream? To dream is without effort as if your only dreaming for an impossible thing to happen while ambition you have to take step by step to reach each of your ambition and take risks to fulfill all of these. 10. What ambition have you held the longest? The ambition I held the longest in real life is to graduate in a diplomat with a degree holder. Wherein I can find a good job to help my parents and provide them own house and live with a happy and contented life. 11.What happens after you have fulfilled all your ambitions? The best is when the source of ambition becomes my desire to reach my big goal or to fulfill my life in purpose. The only thing that will happen after fulfilling my ambition is contentment. 12. What do you think it feels like to fulfill a lifetime ambition? I think it feels like I am the happiest person and will having a peaceful mind. Of course everyone is asking and striving to reach a lifetime ambition. And if that happens to me and in God’s will, I’ll thank him.

Computer forensics and investigations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer forensics and investigations - Essay Example After identifying the risks, the paper goes on to name an example of legislation, which can be used against the company, in this case the Cookie law. Finally, the employee contract at the company needs to be studied with the aim of making a prospective employee be aware of these risks and know how to manage them without claiming ignorance. Question # 1 Forensic Readiness Planning Business Continuity Planning, and Their Testing Both forensic readiness planning and business continuity planning help a company in dealing with the effects of interruptions to their operations. Business continuity planning identifies the exposure of an organization to external and internal threats while synthesizing soft and hard assets to give the organization effective protection and recovery from these threats (Nelson, 2012, p. 23). It does this while maintaining the organization’s value system integrity and competitive advantage. A BCP acts as a roadmap on how to continue operations under adverse conditions. Forensic readiness planning, on the other hand, involves enabling an organization to have digital evidence available before the occurrence of an incident. Since digital evidence could be requested at any time in support of a formal process, an organization needs to have access to all evidence that supports its position in case such an occurrence takes place. While BCP encompasses an extensive range of threats to the organization’s operations, FRP is mainly concerned with the threat brought about by formal requests for digital evidence. An organization requires both an FRP and a BCP because they offer slightly different forms of protection to the company, both of which are vital and interdependent. Business continuity planning involves the development of a practical plan detailing how the organization will prepare for, while continuing to operate, a crisis or incident. The plan aids the organization to identify preventable risks, prepare for risks beyond its contr ol, and respond to the occurrence of a risk. Forensic readiness planning deals specifically with the availability of the organization’s digital data if needed as evidence. It allows for the gathering of admissible evidence in a legal manner that does not interfere with business operations. FRP specifically prepares the organization for legal battles that may involve its digital data by gathering evidence on potential disputes and crimes that may impact it (Nelson, 2012, p. 25). Having both an FRP and a BCP increases the sense of security among the organization’s clients, personnel, suppliers, partners, investors, and vendors. When an organization plans for the occurrence of risks, these stakeholders can carry on with their duties with a sense of security. Planning allows the organization to consider the effects of interruptions to its operations while making priorities for the recovery process. It also helps the personnel learn what to do when interruption occurs, in o rder to minimize data loss and disruption. An organization’s FRP and BCP need to be tested often in order to enforce them and make adjustments. Most companies that practice these plans conduct bi-annual tests on them during which a mock ‘drill’ is performed for a specific risk. Over time, personnel may change, and the new staff requires to be initiated. Old staff also needs to be re-informed on the plans once in a while, with the most excellent method to do this being to visualize

Government Bailouts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government Bailouts - Essay Example If the government does not intervene and does not provide financial assistance to the financially unstable large corporations, unemployment and other related problems would further aggravate an economy. Already, the economy of United States of America is facing very severe and harsh waves of financial crisis, which showed their presence in the year of 2007 and they continued till the end of 2009. History of bailouts The finance history has sufficient record about the events of government bailouts. In the year of 1979, Chrysler had lost $ 1.1 billion. At that time, it was feared that this could negatively hit the entire US automotive industry. In order to avoid the subsequent impacts of this loss of Chrysler, the Feds had no option except to intervene and save the corporation. Instantly, in the year of 1980, the Chrysler Loan Guarantee Act was discussed, approved and passed. In this Act, Chrysler was given a loan of $1.5 billion by the federal government (Gup, 4). Furthermore, in the year of 1989, savings and loan institutions became financially crippled. The failure of these savings and loan institutions was considerably spreading almost all companies working in this industry. At that time, then President George H.W. Bush and his Government were required to devise and determine a bailout plan to address and stop falling this entire industry. Consequently, The President Bush and Congress passed a bill and made it as the Financial Institutions Reforms, Recovery, and Enforcement Act in the year of 1989 (Rehm). But, this government bailout was only limited to save the savings and loan institutions. In the year of 2001, United States of America was attacked with some deadly terrorist attacks on many cities. In which, the terrorists used aeroplanes to carry out the attacks on the land of America. Due to the use of aeroplanes, the entire airline industry became a subject of economic and financial crisis. These financial crises became so severe that the Government had no other option except to play the role of saviour. As a result, the then President Bush discussed the issue with the Congress. And this discussion brought a bill and that bill was passed as the Air Transportation Safety and Stabilization Act. This Act mentioned some fundamental steps necessary to rescue the entire airline industry. The Act released $5 billion compensation and an additional amount of $10 billion in loan guarantees (Rehm, Barbara &Mandaro). The year of 2007 and 2008 were worst of all. The onslaught of financial crises was uncontrollable and heavily damaging the economy of America. In October 2008, Congress passed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. This Act authorised the Treasury Department to spend the amount of $700 billion for the purpose of handling and tackling the problem of financial crisis of 2008. Government bailouts are not a wish but a necessity on the part of government. The government has no choice but to intervene and play the role of saviour. No government ever wants to use its own funds and money to provide financial assistance or extend a loan to a corporation under normal financial circumstances. Rather, the government ensures that the corporation must and should be financially well-equipped and financially strong enough to meet its expenses and its other financial and non-financial obligations. But, due to a variety of economic and political factors some corporations become unable to continue doing business

Labour is making Britain greener, cleaner and less polluting (Labour Essay

Labour is making Britain greener, cleaner and less polluting (Labour Party environment policy statement, 2009). Discuss in the context of British government and politics - Essay Example ons Reduction Target (CERT), which has provided a large investment in household energy efficiency between 2002 and 2008 and brought in carbon saving; delivering more seaward wind facility than any society in the globe; and implementing the world’s first long-term, legally binding greenhouse emission reduction programme (Carter 2007). Hence, in their environment policy statement in 2009, the Labour Party declared, â€Å"Labour is making Britain greener, cleaner and less polluting† (The Labour Party 2010: para 5). However, this activities, campaigns, and achievements of the Labour Party have not been examined in the context of British government and politics comprehensively. This essay will attempt to contribute in this area of knowledge. The primary issue that will be addressed here is the role of the British government and its relationship with the people. These issues have gained a new significance. A decade into the existence of this Labour government, policy-makers seem to be certain that their mission has changed. Gordon Brown, as he reflects on his experience, addressed communities breaking new ground for elected legislators to pursue (Worley 2009). However, in one domain specifically, we oblige our policy-makers to lead rather than follow, and to take risks. That domain is the environment. The media response has been unsurprising. Conservative channels that were quick to criticise David Cameron’s demand for stricter aviation taxes are imploring that the electorate cannot take any more. They are incapable of justifying their standpoint beyond complaining about nursemaid states and fiddling with, or supporting, the assertions of climate-change denouncers (Worley 2009). Newscasters respond even more recklessly, with Channel 4 exposing a feature film that go against all the facts and with the BBC misinterpreting its demand to ‘balance’ by advocating discussion between the two parties, as if they embody corresponding bodies of evidence. Brown has taken

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Communication - Essay Example Hideaway Pizza was established in 1957 in Stillwaters, Oklahoma near the State University. Dermer Richard and his wife Marti bought the business in order to expand it exploiting the fact that there was so much obsession of pizza. Richards’s idea was that a relaxed and friendly environment provided a great ambience for pizza service and he thought that would definitely excite the employees and consumers. By 1960’s to 1970’s, the restaurant was getting so many clients flocking at the restaurant and a fleet of delivery vans. The restaurant was decorated by colourful and miscellaneous designs of black and white stripes, and flowers (The Staff 2008). Waste management would include steps like composting, hygienic landfill, waste to energy and source recycle and reduction for a cleaner environment. (Brennan 2003). Waste management involves all the activities that take care of ravage i.e. garbage collection, waste recycling, transportation and processing of refuse. Waste management in pizzeria is very important in reducing health hazards, providing clean environment and maintaining the beauty of the place. Waste products of pizza industry include food remains and packaging materials, successful venture like Hilton Hotels have done it. Many different industries have different ways of managing their waste products, the difference ranges from recycling to composting. In most occasions, the management of waste in resident and institution environment is the local government’s duty. On the other hand management of waste in industrial and commercial (e.g. Hilton Hotels) setting is the accountability of the producer. In pizza industry the management of wastes has become the responsibility of pizzeria owners. There are several ways which hideaway can employ to make sure it manages its waste effectively. The most commonly used is the

LASA 1.The S'No Risk Program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LASA 1.The S'No Risk Program - Case Study Example Prior to the S’no Risk Program, there was a traditional sale held in the fall season wherein a 10% discount was offered (Bell, 1994). Eventually, the program took hold and a combination of factors including a surge in the snowfall and customers being enticed by the relative lack of risk meant that sales grew, and distributors were pleased to carry Toro products, even leading to cases of depleted inventories. The program lasted one year and then an evaluation was conducted, and the recourse offered by the insurance company called for an adjusted premium of â€Å"around 8% of sales for the coming year† (Bell, 1994, 3). This is approximately a four-fold increase from the previous annual period, and so it may be quite alarming. The reason for the rate hike however, is apparently due to the fact that American Home offered too cheap a rate initially. In this case, Susan conduct an independent study that analyzed the historical data, with regard to payouts as proscribed by the S’no Risk Program, and realized that in 1983, there would have been payouts of approximately 19% of sales (Bell, 1994, 3). With this information in mind, it makes sense that the insurance firm would want a higher rate, as the trend for payouts was higher than the low premium offered in the first year of the program. Another cause for the increased premium in the following year may have been due to the increasing total number of snow equipment components sold from 81/82 to 82/83 (Exhibit 1). The customer viewed the advertisement and was able to see immediately that there was a chance at varying rates of snowfall for a savings, and in some cases an absolute refund with the prospect of also keeping the Toro machine from the purchase. In essence, the consumer would be receiving something for nothing, and obviously they are the benefactors and Toro loses out in this scenario. Rather than offering different tiers of savings, I would suggest that it would be more simple to offering one large refund if the snowfall was below some threshold. This would be easier from an administrative standpoint, and if the consumers would still be drawn to purchase from such a modified program, the payouts would likely be minimized, which would be a favorable outcome for the income balance sheet of Toro. The S’no Risk Program executed in 1983 was a success, but it should be understood that Toro had several factors that were aligned in their favour. Their objective was accomplished of increasing sales, which allowed them to improve the year-to-year standing of their company, as well as afford the relatively low insurance premium, which also was a positive for the insurance company. As stated in the case, in the seasons leading up to the creation of the program, there was a plummet in the average snowfall, which meant that the market for snow equipment was in retreat. Toro needed an initiative that would jump start consumers and boost the sales of the company, and the pos sibility of an arrangement with Home Assurance was a welcome idea, even though it was not absolutely risk-free. If the insurance rate were higher, as it was recommended that it should have been, then the net sales generated off the snow equipment, less the payouts would have been less justified. This assumption would be further supported if the related premiums were to increase for the next yearly period. Likewise, if there was little snowfall at all not only would the payouts drastically increase, but it raises the doubts if many would purchase a piece

The Logic behind Islamic Intolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Logic behind Islamic Intolerance - Essay Example According to me, this is an absurd way of living, for any person who believes in religion and its power. If all religions claim to be the truth, then it is basically one belief against another one and hence rules out the name truth in any religion. I think people should believe what they want and have no reason to interfere with what any other person believes in which in most cases could be different. Quoting Osama Bin Laden by nature is an okay point to bring to justify Islamic logic on intolerance. â€Å"Battle animosity and hatred directed from Muslim to the infidel is the foundation of religion. And we consider this a justice and kindness to them† is a quote made by Osama which somehow works for most Islam’s and is supported by millions of Muslims. That their anger and fight on people who do not believe in Allah is a good way to show justice to them, by perhaps killing them is okay. The quote was simply unnecessary for this article. It stirs anger on now Islam's and also portrays the arrogance with which Islam who believe in the quote has. In conclusion, this article definitely claims the lack of hope in the near future for dialogues between leaders of faith for a good cause which is peace. The author, Raymond sees no hope because of the strong beliefs Islam’s have and the lack of seriousness that Westerners view religion. The ability to reach an agreement if people will stop discussing religion and perhaps see to it that peace is restored and everyone can have the freedom to do as they please.

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities Essay

Recognizing Contract Risk and Opportunities - Essay Example The reviewing officials, upon receipt of the request will review the performance evaluation and any supporting documentation and may meet with you and/or me, if deemed appropriate. With in 15 work days of receipt of the request, the receiving official will issue a written response to either uphold the performance, evaluation rating or direct that the evaluation be revised The one year contract between Span System and C-S is $6 million. This is C-S bigger e-CRM order in the pipeline, and the chances of Span System to getting the order lies in the contract performance. Leon Ther, the IT outsourcing director, is an influential personality, is one among the top negotiator of C-S. Span. After eight months of the project, problems started to set in. Spans deliverables have been behind schedule of the last couple of months. In the manner of quality, C-S had detected that the quality of the deliverables are unacceptable , or of low quality. Leon Ther, addressing his letter to Kevin Grant, he said that C-S can nit afford to have schedule slips due to its deadline for the release of a transaction software in the market. Leon Ther had no other alternative but to ask for the immediate transfer of all unfinished code and asserter rescission of the contract by C-S. Problems at both ends are now arising. The user and the system have now grown since the determination of the study in the planning stage, thus making it difficult for the accommodation of the agreed upon and cost and the timelines. Since the ordinary requirement changes had been agreed to in the contract, the actual change had been ordinary. Due to C-S change in its project management structure, the approval and review times had been affected. Neither of the two parties may cancel the agreement, it is because subsequent to more than 50% of the consideration having been tendered by the other. Since more than 505 of the project schedule had elapsed, C-s may not rescind the contract. Mere

Journalling Personal Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Journalling Personal Experiences - Essay Example Yet, it’s is more fun for me to personally see the facial expression and body language of the person I am talking to. And hence suddenly not being able to see who I am talking to particularly when I am chatting with a group that I am not acquainted with can be quite perplexing. Yet, the whole endeavor is engaging and interesting especially when I am trying to keep the conversation going, choose carefully my statements, and sustain the interest of the person or group I am conversing with. In the chat room, these are more quite difficult to attain than in face-to-face interaction. Eventually, when I learned my way through the online environment, my opinion on this new approach of learning and teaching started to change. I guess†¦ I discerned many advantages and conveniences of online classes, especially if these are performed appropriately. So far all my online classes have been very successful because our professors used different means such as chat rooms, video conferenci ng, e-mail, etc. Even though the whole experience is far from being ‘real’, it really kept me motivated and involved. Entry # Time Task Behavior 2 12:00 pm- 1:00 pm Consulting a friend regarding whether to take an online course or a face-to-face class. If I had to choose between taking a course face-to-face and online, I would choose the latter. However if I discovered that the instructor did not know how to take advantage of or make the online learning setting efficient, if they are actually familiar with the online environment and know how to use it correctly, if they are then I would take a class online, otherwise, I would prefer face-to-face. Yet again I have to really be sure if the lecturer, professor, or instructor, whatever designation the person whose supervising the course has, has a proficient knowledge of the purpose, use, and importance of the online learning environment. It is an issue of convenience and practicality but also value and success of the learn ing experience. Thus I think I have to be prepared. I think I have to be dedicated to this endeavor because it is more demanding and challenging in a distinct manner. I think I have to be conscientious and professors should be always available online to address students’ concerns; if not, it is not successful†¦ and teachers cannot lead an online course and keep in touch with their students on a regular basis. It would be equivalent to not attending your classes. But I still believe that there should be face-to-face meetings as well, a substantial portion of the learning environment should be this way. It cannot be entirely online. That won’t work. I experienced taking an online course which does not meet face-to-face, even once. When I had things to clarify with the instructor, for instance, through the chat room, our streams of conversation were usually interrupted or, worst, lost in a barrage of questions, issues, and concerns popping out of the chat room all at the same time. Entry # Time Task Behavior 3 1:00 pm- 3:00 pm Meeting with a computer instructor to discuss about my problems with WebCT One of the things that take place in the online environment is the formation of peer groups, and I suppose I would not encourage any person from taking part in an online course that was merely random. I believe we have to develop that learning environment and have the help and advocacy of a peer to carry out a higher course online. I would suggest to all my pupils in

The Spanish-American War Essay Example for Free

The Spanish-American War Essay Tp what extent was the Spanish-American War a turning point in the development of American foreign policy? The Spanish-American War of 1898 could be seen as the pivotal point in foreign policy as it marks America’s first engagement with a foreign enemy in the dawning age of modern warfare however, one could also argue that the idea had always existed in American politics. Until the end of the nineteenth century, American foreign policy essentially followed the guidelines laid down by George Washington, in his Farewell Address to the American people: â€Å"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is—in extending our commercial relations—to have with them as little political connection as possible. † By avoiding entanglements with foreign powers, America aimed to minimize the possibility of being dragged into war hence, war was to be undertaken only in defense of the nation against attack. However, the Spanish-American war saw Americans fighting to gain colonies elsewhere, with no relation to self defence. Though going to war with the Spanish was defended as non-imperialistic, shown by the promises of independence for Cuba and the Philippines, the American victory resulted in territorial gains and a inflated sense of power. A much more active and aggressive foreign policy was evident after the Spanish-American War, it had transformed from being focused primarily on isolated nationalism to expansionistic imperialism. The Spanish-American war resulted in numerous territorial gains, the Paris Treaty handed over Caribbean areas such as Puerto Rico and Guam to America which led to a series of land acquisitions as it expanded in what seemed like direct colonization. The war had begun with paternal feelings of supporting a fellow nation trying to win its freedom, however, the pro-Cuban hysteria masked America’s real intention which was to take over the island. Although Cuba was recognized as independent, American troops remained on the island for another four years and an American â€Å"governor† was put in charge. This showed America extending it’s political influence like never before and this was further emphasized through the Platt Amendment 1901 which gave the US right to intervene to maintain the independence and stability of Cuba.  What impaired their independence was ultimately up to America and this gave the power to control Cuban affairs. Another victory through the Treaty of Paris was the possession of the Philippines. Though the Filipino independence leader Emilio Aguinaldo had aided in the defeat of Spain in 1898, USA refused independence to the Islands and a vicious three year war ensued. A civil government was created after the capture of Aguinaldo under William Taft and this showed a drastic change in American foreign policy. They could no longer justify interference with the excuse of the islands being within its sphere of influence but McKinley argued that America had the role to â€Å"uplift and civilize and christianize [Filipinos] as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died. McKinley was either unaware or simply chose not to inform the people that, except for some Muslim tribesmen in the south, the Filipinos were Roman Catholics, and, therefore, already Christians. In reality, the annexation of the Philippines was the centerpiece of the large policy pushed by the imperialist cabal to enlist the United States in the ranks of the great powers. The Spanish-American war gave the push that the American government needed to make a final decision over Hawaii. The Hawaiin Islands were known as the â€Å"crossroads of the Pacific†, tracing routes from USA to Japan, Australia and Philippines. The treaties of 1857 and 1887 allowed cheap duty-free sugar into the USA but in return, Hawaii was requited to accept both American economic domination and political protection. In 1890, when a rebellion began under Queen Liliuokalani, the marines were sent to force a surrender. This perhaps can be seen as an early display of America’s expansionist foreign policy, however, the annexation of Hawaii was opposed by many in government who feared that America would become an imperial power like the Europeans. It can be argued that the war with Spain in Cuba strengthened the arguments for annexation as America gained an inflated sense of confidence from victory and officially took up their role as a â€Å"global power†. Hawaii was annexed in July 1898, after the Spanish-American war had ended. The result of the Spanish-American War was that USA became a Carribean power  with it’s temporary acquisition of Cuba and this brought about long discussed plans for a canal through the Isthmus of Panama. The USA gained a 10 mile wide strip of the canal and was granted full control. With increasing territorial gains such as Cuba and Panama, USA’s interest in Latin American affairs was evident. Roosevelt felt that US had the right to intervene in order to maintain stability in the area and this was evident through the Roosevelt Corollary where he stated that the US had the right to intervene in the affairs of other countries on the continent in cases of â€Å"chronic wrongdoing or impotence†. Americans decided what was deemed a â€Å"wrongdoing† and it was used to justify their taking over finances of Dominican Reupublic in 1905 when it defaulted its debt and the intervention in Nicaragua in 1915. America was now moving even further away from an isonlationist power, delclaring to the world that the Western Hemisphere was its sphere of influence. However, its growth in influence differs to simple European empire building. It is undeniable that the US was interfering in internal affairs of sovereign nations for its own ends, however, Roosevelt felt it was a necessary evil as the European powers would seize the chance themselves to expand if some level of instability occurred in Latin America. Although US marines remained in territories such as Nicaragua and Dominican Republic for decades, the American government chose to withdraw them; unlike the European powers, they did not need to fight a bloody war to grant their territories independence. Roosevelt had perhaps preserved Latin American independence from Europe and ultimately, American involvement improved stability for the future. America began to meddle in world affairs or in the words of an imperialist, assume its global responsibilities in ways the founding fathers had previously avoided. Troops were dispatched to China to join those of the other powers in putting down the Boxer Rebellion of Chinese patriots; the Great White fleet was sailed around the world to declare America’s power and presence to the world; and the government became a promoter of overseas investment with external investment increasing seven-fold. More and more, the American wealth machine had changed it’s attitudes to the outside world. The Spanish-American War launched the United States on the path of a modern non-aristocratic empire founded on state power but oriented towards commercial and economical gain. By expanding the horizons of U.S. foreign policy in the pursuit of export markets through formal empire (Philippines) and informal empire (Latin America, Cuba, China), the Spanish-American War was a turning point. Sumner remarked in 1900 that â€Å"the political history of the United States for the next 50 years will date from the Spanish war of 1898’ and this can be seen through America’s successive entangling foreign commitments eventually leading to the involvement in the First World War.

EC Law Essay Example for Free

EC Law Essay Part A Sonja is a temporary farm labourer of 16 years old. In the summer of 2005 she was hospitalized with sunburn got from working in the field without adequate UV protection according to the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive adopted by the EC. The Directive provides that the Member States should ensure â€Å"Sunblock and Sunglasses† to â€Å"workers in outdoor activities† within the meaning of the Directive. According to the independent arbitration scheme with employers set up with the approval of the Government by the Finnish Farm Labourers Union, Sonja, has brought her claim before the Arbitrator. Her claim requires that the Arbitrator interpret the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive. The Arbitrator considers that Sonja’s claim should be dismissed because she is not a â€Å"worker† according to his interpretation of the Directive, but merely an â€Å"apprentice† who does not qualify for legal protection. As provided in the independent arbitration scheme the decisions of the Arbitrator are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. According to the rules of procedure established by the instituting treaties of the European Communities for the Court of Justice of the European Communities, the Court’s jurisdiction is automatically mandatory in the areas expressly provided by the Treaties. There is no need for the Member States to accept this competence which means that the Court can be authorized by only one party, even against Member States. This also means that in the attributed domains by the treaties its competence is exclusive compared to any other jurisdiction. Article 234[1] (ex Article 177) from the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: „The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of this Treaty; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB; (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council, where those statutes so provide. Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State, against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court of Justice.† In the case of Sonja, because the independent arbitration scheme set up between the Finnish Farm Labourers Union and the employers is conducted with the approval of the Government, to settle disputes regarding pay and conditions of work we can assimilate the Arbitrator with a court of law. The Arbitrator has an exclusive competence in this field. Moreover, he meets the requirements set up in the last provision of the Article 234, as set forth, because his decisions are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. This institutes an obligation upon the Arbitrator that whenever he has to interpret any act of one of the institutions of the Community he should raise a case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. Therefore, before interpreting the provisions of the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive on the meaning of â€Å"worker† within the said act, the Arbitrator should have brought recourse in interpretation before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The conditions for such recourse, as provided in the Article 234, are that: there has to be an open case brought before a national form of jurisdiction that has to request the Court, asking for the interpretation of an act of one of the institutions of the Communities. Because the Arbitrator did not open such recourse before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Sonja has grounds for dismissal of his decision in front of a higher Finnish court of law through an extraordinary procedure. The dismissal can be decided only on procedural issues and not on the merits of the case because the decisions of the Arbitrator are not subject to appeal. In general, international jurisdictions are only competent to try states. They can not be used as a legal remedy by natural persons. However, the Court of Justice of the European Communities is accessible not only to the member states of the European Communities, but also, in very strict conditions to individuals, natural and legal persons. This provides Sonja with, yet, another alternative for her case. She can bring an annulment recourse before the Court. The annulment recourse is the possibility of the states, institutions of the Communities and natural and legal persons to challenge in front of the Court   a mandatory act issued either by the Council or by the Commission, and to be granted in certain conditions the annulment of the act. This is a way to control EU acts and their conformity with the instituting treaties. The provisions of the Rome Treaties show that there can be subjected to this form of recourse acts that are mandatory like directives and regulations, and in certain situations even decisions.   Article 230[2] (ex Article 173) of the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: â€Å"The Court of Justice shall review the legality of acts adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the ECB, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament intended to produce legal effects vis-à  -vis third parties. It shall for this purpose have jurisdiction in actions brought by a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of this Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction under the same conditions in actions brought by the European Parliament, by the Court of Auditors and by the ECB for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. Any natural or legal person may, under the same conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. []† Usually, individuals are allowed to bring actions before the Court only in reference to regulations which directly apply to them and directly breach their rights. However, proceedings can be brought regarding a directive in situations in which it has the same effects on the individual.   The â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive directly infringes Sonja’s right to adequate protection for the type of labour she is doing and for the conditions in which she works by limiting the notion of â€Å"worker† to which it applies. With this limitation the Directive breaches the substantial provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community. Regarding work, Article 13 of the Treaty provides that: â€Å"1.     Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.†[3] Therefore the principle of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age is laid down by an instituting treaty. It bears no difference that Sonja is only sixteen. She should not be discriminated against for this reason and not be considered as a â€Å"worker† under the Directive. The term â€Å"worker† is also described in many EU acts, including in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The notion is wide and non-discriminatory, especially when considering a persons rights or the breach of these rights. â€Å"26. In accordance with the Courts case-law, the concept of worker, within the meaning of Article 48 of the Treaty and of Regulation No 1612/68, has a specific Community meaning and must not be interpreted narrowly. Any person who pursues activities which are real and genuine, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary, must be regarded as a worker. The essential feature of an employment relationship is, according to that case-law, that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration[4]† Moreover, the restriction on the term â€Å"worker† is in direct violation with the Directive No. 33 of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work which applies to persons under 18 and provides that they should have suitable work conditions, â€Å"measures necessary to protect the safety and health of young people[5]†. In conclusion, the limitation of the notion of â€Å"worker† from the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive that prevents Sonja, because of her age and because she is a temporary worker to benefit from the proper work protection, is in direct violation of the instituting treaties, the principles on which the EU is based, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and basic human rights. This provides Sonja, although she is a natural person, with the active legal quality to bring recourse in annulment before the Court due to what she has suffered from the effects of this act. Part B The joined cases of Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard were brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities as a reference under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty[6] by the Tribunal de Grande Instance (Regional Court) from Strasbourg (France), for a preliminary ruling in the criminal proceedings pending before the tribunal against the two. The Tribunal de Grande Instance has asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities to give an interpretation of the rules of the EEC Treaty relating to competition and freedom of movement within the Community. The Court has found that â€Å"Article 30 of the EEC Treaty is to be interpreted as not applying to legislation of a Member State imposing a general prohibition on resale at a loss†[7]. In the decisions of Keck and Mithouard the Court institutes certain principles regarding the measures that can be taken by states. Such a principle is the one stating that: â€Å"national measures which limit or prohibit ‘certain sales practices’ do not fall within the scope of Article 30[8], so long as they are applied to all those operating within the national territory and that they affect in exactly the same way, both in law and in practice, the marketing of national products and those originating from other Member States†[9]. The Court of Justice of the European Communities has subsequently interpreted the decisions in the cases of Keck and Mithouard on the matter of advertising, especially the vague formulation: â€Å"selling arrangements†. The decisions were applied and interpreted in connection to the way producers are able to market their goods and to the marketing strategies used by them. However, the two cases were exceptional interpretations of the Article 28, due to the circumstances and should have been regarded as such. On the contrary, this interpretation was widely extended by the Court. The extension has brought about the possibility of member states to impose certain restrictions in advertising. These restrictions were thought by the Court to be outside the scope of Article 28. Such measures cover fields like: â€Å"TV advertising and sponsorship of programmes aimed at children below the age of 12 being prohibited[10]† in Sweden, the advertising of toys in Greece which is time restricted, banns referring to certain kinds of toys in Germany and Denmark and so on. Goods that are considered â€Å"sensitive† are also subjected to banns even at an EU level. As an example there is the ‘Television Without Frontiers’ (TVWF) Directive in which there is stated that children should not have easy access to advertising for goods such as cigarettes and alcohol. Cases were brought before the Court with regards to such measures. Some decisions given by the Court find basis on its previous Keck and Mithouard decisions: â€Å"With respect to the free movement of goods (Article 30) the Court recognised that the ban on advertising could affect the free movement of the products advertised. It then referred to the Keck-Mithouard jurisprudence and ruled that a Member State could apply such restrictions if they were shown to affect in the same way, ‘in law and in fact’, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States; were necessary for meeting overriding requirements of general public importance or one of the aims laid down in Article 36 of the EC Treaty; were proportionate for that purpose and that those aims could not be met by less restrictive measures†[11].   In conclusion, bans of advertising are considered to be in accordance with the Article 28 when they affect in the same way the marketing of the domestic products and that of the products from other Member States, they are necessary for requirements of general public importance and when less restrictive measures could not have been applied. Thus, the Court institutes the principle of proportionality that applies even if the ban has more serious effects on goods coming from other states than on national ones. Any state restrictions of the â€Å"selling arrangements†Ã‚   automatically affect access to the market contrary to what the Court has considered in the cases of Keck and Mithouard.   It is of course true that such restrictions provided in a non-discriminatory way do not infringe of the free movement of goods, but they do affect trade. Measures taken by states have to be â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect†, for them to fall outside the scope of the Article 28 and be regarded as breaches of the free movement of goods. The Keck case institutes a kind of presumption that certain measures taken by states, that fall under a certain category should be regarded as â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect† and therefore outside the scope of Article 28. This presumption is damaging in some cases. The measures should be analyzed according to the merits of each individual case and the effects they have in that particular case. Therefore, I believe that the cases of Keck and Mithouard affect the balance between state responsibilities and the free movement of goods. Bibliography: Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2002), Official Journal C325, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/12002E.html Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004); Judgment of the Court (Full Court);Case C-138/02; European Court reports 2004 Page I-02703, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/Notice.do?val=287581:cslang=enlist=391912:cs,287581:cs,341893:cs,287498:cs,278038:cs,277710:cs,269338:cs,264078:cs,250808:cs,247148:cs,pos=2page=1nbl=18pgs=10hwords=work~worker~checktexte=checkboxvisu=#texte Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993); Judgment of the Court;   Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991J0267:EN:HTML#DI    Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work, Official Journal L 216 , 20/08/1994 P. 0012 – 0020,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0033:EN:HTML Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), The De Agostini ruling and advertising regulation, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 10,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition10/page04_en.htm Stanbrook, Lionel ( October 1997), Childrens advertising, consumer protection and the country of origin principle, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 09, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition09/page18_en.htm Statute of the Court of Justice (November 2005), Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://curia.eu.int/en/instit/txtdocfr/txtsenvigueur/statut.pdf Þorvaldsson,   Bjà ¶rn (2002), Keck and Mithouard,   Master Thesis, Master of European Affairs Programe, Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/585A26471860B6F6C1256BCD00730AAF/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElement Mollers, Thomas M.J. (February 2005), EuGH, Rs. C-405/98 v. 8.3.2001 Gourmet International Products, Faculty of Law, Augsburg University, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/prof/moellers/materialien/materialdateien/050_eugh_entscheidungen/eugh_1998_405_gourmet_international_products_en/ Competitive Federalism and Market Access in the EU, Jean Monet Center, NYU School of Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/012701-04.html [1]   Treaty establishing the European Community, Art. 234 [2] idem, Art 230 [3] idem, Art. 13 [4] Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004) [5] Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work. [6] Treaty establishing the European Community, ex Article 177 [7]Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993) [8] in the consolidated Treaty the number of the article has become 28 and it will be referred to accordingly [9] Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), op. cit. [10] Stanbrook, Lionel (October 1997), op. cit. [11] idem

New Era Of Societal Marketing Concept Marketing Essay

New Era Of Societal Marketing Concept Marketing Essay Before the new era of societal marketing concept, this is where by people involves in farming to feed themselves and family. All the agricultural crops or food generated was not for sale but some of the output was bartered (i.e. subsistence economy or subsistence farming). The benefit of subsistence economy creates enough food for its people but there is no surplus food so that no food will be wasted. Marketing started during the mass production of goods and services which is called the production era. What led to production era is scarcity or access demand of products and this make firms to measured their success by involving in mass production because its reduces cost of production and increases profitability. The second marketing era is known as Sale era, this is the generating of income for the firm or business. This was during 1950s where there was excess of supply of product in the market and it was too much for what the market demanded for. To make consumer to buy the excess product supplied. Firms involve in using a variety of selling techniques and promotional techniques to inform potential customers to buy their products, by way of advertising and skilful personal selling in order to convert products to cash. The benefit to firm is that it generates income to the business while to the consumers they buy in lower price. Market era is the third era; this is the understanding of the prospective buyers after the Second World War. So many firms or industries were destroyed in other countries, except for that in the United State. Firms found it easy to sell their products because there was little competition, during these period businesses realised they could produce new product in different ways to satisfy customers need and want. To do this firms change their thinking from that of manufacturing products to that of satisfying customers, for them to be able to produce the right products to the market in a low price and also to reduce cost of production. Marketing era is the fourth era; this is where by every activities of an organisation must revolve around customer. To do this some company set up operating policy, technical research, to provide quality products and services to their customers. Also to reduce prices of their product and increase customer value, these enable organisation to satisfy their customers by meeting the marketing concept. http://www.answers.com/topic/subsistence-farming29/12/2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/marketing#Marketing_orientations 29/12/2009 Consumers are often referred to as the king. Explain this statement from notable marketing definitions and concepts. Consumers are often referred to as a king because without them business or organisation wouldnt be able to survive or exist. Marketing definitions that talks about consumers are: Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customers requirements profitably. By The Chartered Institute of marketing. This definition talk about how marketer strives to know what consumers wants are by acting on it to bring the wants to their door steps to please them. Marketing is the human activity directed at satisfying human needs and wants through an exchange process. By Philip Kotler. Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organisation so that they meet the changing needs of the customer on whom the organisation depends. By Palmer Marketing is the implementation of marketing concept (in the 1990s) requires attention to three basic elements of the marketing concept. These are: customer orientation; an organisation to implement a customer orientation; long range customer and societal welfare. By Cohen. Marketing is the whole business seen from the customers point of view. By Drucker. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_what_is_marketing.htm 29/12/2009 Question 2 Every marketing organisation operates in a complex and dynamic business environment. Identify and explain various micro and macro environmental variables affecting marketing companies in United Kingdom. Business environment entails all factors affecting business positively and negatively. This can be classified as controllable environmental factors (i.e. internal environment) and Uncontrollable environmental factors (i.e. external environment). Under external environment we have immediate external and general external. All these factors determine the success of a business as far the organisation is able to manage the internal environment and adapt to the changes of any external environmental factors. Internal environmental factors are: Employees Shareholders Company policy Employees For an organisation to be successful employees play a vital role to enable firm achieve their goals and also firms need to empower the employees to make them perform their duties. Employees in UK may affect marketing companies positively or negatively. For instance, if a marketing company employed the right staff. Involves in training and development of these staff on how to render service to a customer these may be a good impact on the firm because the moment customer is satisfy with the service render these might encourage him or her to come back again. This could be an edge over its competitors. If an employee is not motivated, lack training and development these may be a negative impact on the organisation and it could lead to low sales. Shareholders The UK shareholders may affect marketing company by pressurising or forcing them to change their organisations strategy from satisfying customers and focus on profits. In doing these, the organisation may involve in a new tactics like pricing strategy to make more profit. In a competitive market where the market determines the price like in UK, this could lead to organisation failure. Company policy This is a lay down procedure to guide staff on how best to operate in an organisation, in order to make firms achieve their objectives. In a situation where by the company policy is not well layout to guide the staff on what to do, these may affect marketing company not to achieve their objectives. Immediate external environmental factors are: Customers Competitors Supplier Customers factors Every marketing organisation that is profit oriented definitely depends on it customers for success. In any marketing company, customers are very crucial because without them businesses wont be able to survive. Customers in UK may affect marketing organisation either positively or negatively. For example if the government increase the tax and national insurance charges this may affect the customers spending power and it could affect marketing sales because consumers will have less money to spend on their commodities. It also slow down business sales and reduce their profits. In the other hand, if there is decrease in tax and national insurance. This will favour the marketing organisation and customers. Customers spending power will increase because they have more money to spend on their commodities. However, customers need to be respected, given good services, quality products, build up long term relationship with them, listen to their complains, art fast on their complains and provide value for their money to enable them come back again. Any marketing company who is able to provide all these will be successful. Competitors factors This is where by marketing organisations compete with each other in terms of price, quality products, customer services etc. to enable them be in business. UK government uses these forces to checkmate prices of products. They allow competition because if there is a lot of marketing company, these will make price of products to be control by the market and not by the competitors. This is affecting marketing organisation because they are unable to fix price on their products due to many competitors. Suppliers factors Suppliers effect to a marketing organisation cannot be over looked. If there is sudden increase on prices of raw material, they may be force to push up their prices and these may affect organisation marketing strategy by forcing them to raise their products price and it could slow down sales because not every consumer will be able to adapt to the changes in price immediately. Also delayed payment of suppliers or lack of good relationship may affect quick delivering of goods to the marketing companies and it could make customers not to rely on them anymore. General external environmental factors are: The general external forces are factors that are beyond the firms or businesses direct control. Political Economic Socio-cultural Technological Political factors These are factors that affect businesses and the spending power of the consumers through taxation, legislation etc. UK government can influence businesses positively by reducing the corporation tax and indirect tax charges (i.e. the profits of business and VAT charges on some products) to enable firms make more profits and expand, this could lead firms to reduce their products prices as well for the benefit of the consumer. Also they can influence consumers positively by cutting down tax charges on their income earn to allow them have more money to spend on their commodities or wants. The increase on direct and indirect tax this make business to increase their products prices as well and it also decreases the business profits because not every individual will be able to afford the products. However, consumers may find it very difficult to buy their wants because of the high price of products and high charges on their income earned. Laws made by UK government could affect businesses in so many ways. For example if government increase the minimum wage this could affect them, if they are unable to meet the increase in minimum wage. It may lead to some of the staff retrenched and also they may increase their products prices for them to be in business. Economic factors Marketing companies need to look into UK economy in the short and long terms before planning and also look for ways of adapting to any changes in the future such as changes in income, population, gross domestic profit, exchange rate, inflation rate and climate etc. Currently the marketing companies in UK experience climate change which really affect sales because so many people was unable to go out to do their shopping due to bad weather condition (i.e. snow). Also changes in consumers income might affect marketing companys sales as well. For example, if government increases taxes on income these will affect the purchasing power of consumers because they have limited amount of money to spend on their commodities and these will reduces market organisation sales and profits. Technological factors Marketing companies in UK who wants to dominate the market or compete with competitors should be able to adapt to the new technology. For example, car company as advance in technology by providing consumer a good cars, such as automatic and computerised cars. As we all know that the era of manual cars is going gradually because of advancement in technology. If there is any car companies who are unable to adapt to the new technology these may affect it cars sales in the market because of lack of technology. Also technology have enable car companies to sell their cars via internet, paying by bank card and advertising through the internet which is an opportunities to them to sell more cars and increase profitability. Social-cultural factors This looks into some factors such as lifestyle changing, culture, beliefs, value and geographical differences that may affect any organisations. In a marketing organisation where by the lifestyle of consumers changes due to low income earn these may affect marketing company because consumer would like to change some of his or her product to a lower price once in order to manage its income perfectly to its needs or wants. This may be a threat to the manufacturing of the product left and an opportunity to the product consumer change to. Understanding any market requires a thorough classification by segments. Identify and explain various basis of market segmentation by proposing the segmentation criteria that can be used for two products in different markets. Many market organisation use different criteria to segment their product to a particular market, such as: Demographical segmentation Geographical segmentation Benefit segmentation Demographical segmentation This is where by market is been divided into groups based on factors such as age, income, social class grouping, family size, lifestyle, gender and family life cycle. By proposing a social class segmentation criteria that can be used for two products such as motor cars and clothing, a marketers would like to look into the social status and occupation of individual to enable them provide a variety of cars that will satisfy the upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, skilled working class, working class and those at the lowest level of subsistence by providing them cars that they will be able to afford. This helps marketers to know where to locate their shop site or operate their business because individual in these category live in a different areas that suit each group. Social class segmentation table Grade social status occupation % of UK population A Upper middle class Higher managerial or professional 10% (Company directors, lawyers) B middle class middle managerial or professional 15% (Managers, nurses, teachers) C1 lower middle class supervisory or clerical (shop assistants) 26% C2 skilled working class skilled manual workers (technicians) 17% D working class semi-skilled unskilled manual worker 20% E Those at the lowest lowest grade workers 12% Level of subsistence (casual workers, state pensioners) Age is another factor of segmentation criteria used for product like cloths This is where by market organisation display their product design and packaging to meet the wants of different groups according to age differentiation of consumers. While some marketers may focus on one particular age group (e.g. mother care shops) only focus on baby things nothing else. In terms of cloths, manufacturer produces cloth of different sizes, different quality and different texture to meet the taste of customers. This enable marketer to reach their customers by locating their shops close to them, also these determine the prices of product like cloth they sell in rich people area and poor people area as well. Geographical segmentation This is a process of identifying consumers according to the area where they live such as villages, city, regions, and countries. Also to look into their climate condition if it will be favourable or profitable for their product. Any marketing organisation that is into multi-national and global business involves in some programme activities that will advertise and promote its products to meet the needs of individual geographic units. Climate In most African countries the weather condition is very hot and these enable car companies to produce cars that will suit the needs of their consumers in that very geographic units, by providing them cars that will acclimatize to the countries climate (i.e. by putting air-condition) to make their customers feel comfortable when driving or inside the car. Most of these African countries use a left hand drive cars, so any car companies who want to supply it product to these geographic unit should be able to provide them what they really wanted for the purpose of making profits. Countries Cloth companies produce cloths that will suit the benefit of consumers according to their geographic unit because each country has their own culture and traditional wears. Like in India, the cloth they produce wont sell in United Kingdom due to their different believes. Benefit segmentation This may be used by organisation such as car companies to develop a range of products by segmenting the market through benefit that consumers find from product. For example, some people will be interested in safety, others in load space or performance. Cars companies develop ranges of products to please these different segments and also to promote the product in different ways to the different groups. http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_bases_geographic.asp 12/01/2010 http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_bases_demographic.asp 12/01/2010 Question 3 Explain product life cycle with a typical diagram and identify characteristics and essential strategies for survival of each stage of the life cycle. Definition of product life cycle Product life cycle is the process of improving a product over time through redesigning or replacing old version of product. Adopted from: http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.htm 2/1/2010 Introduction stage At this stage an organisation may involve in promotion to create awareness to the general public or target market about the new product. For instance, if the product has no or few competitors, a skimming pricing strategy may be used or penetration pricing may be employed to attract customers to buy the product. The level of distribution is limited, at these level sales is low because the product is new to the market. Growth stage This is where by competitors are attracted to the market with similar products because consumers has realised the benefit or usefulness of the product. Sales are growing rapidly and the cost of production per unit is falling (i.e. economies of scale). The product now becomes more profitable and the spending on advertising is high to focus upon the building brand. Because competitors are growing, the firm may still keep to penetration pricing strategy or push up the price a little bit to make more profits. Maturity stage Rapid sales growth cannot last forever. At the stage of maturity these is where by the product sales slowdown and reach it highest because competition is high and most organisations fight to maintain their market share by striving to make their product look difference from competitors products. The profit is quite high and the distribution level is high as well. Pricing strategy employed may be competitive pricing. Decline stage At these stage the market is shrinking, sales is falling and competition is falling as well because no firm will like to invest their money in a product that is unprofitable. To make the product profitable, some company may cut down the cost to enable them use a promotional techniques such as special offer of the product to consumers or by repositioning the product to other market segment (i.e. children, adult etc.). If it doesnt yield any profit still these may be the withdrawal of the product from market but if it does more competitors will rise to do something similar. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.htm 2/1/2010 Decision of an organisation to embark on either extensive or selective distribution strategy is contingent on some factors. Identify and explain the factors responsible for the choice of a strategy using both industrial and consumer products as examples. Definition of selective distribution Selective distribution: this is where by producer uses few retail outlets in a geographical area to distribute its product (e.g. Televisions, computers and household appliances) to the consumers. The factors that determine the distribution strategy to be use are Market factors Product factors Producer factors Market factors This is where by buyer behaviour determine how product will be distributed to the market; it means would buyer prefer to purchase the product from retailer or through ordering online and in what ways will the buyer get the product information needed before buying (e.g. like motor cars, computers and household appliances). Middlemen willingness to market the product is a factor as well. Retailer may consider the cost involves in training, equipment needed and warehouse expansion that product required. The cost may be too high for them not to be in support to sell the product. Product factors Product like company equipment may be supply direct to customer because of it size while perishable product like meat, fish and bread may be supplier to the consumer through intermediaries such as retailers. Producer factors Manufacturers willingness to control the price that a product will be sold to consumers is a factor. Producers who want to have control over how, to whom and at what price a product is sold dont need a retailer as middlemen to sell its products, because retailer have control over prices of product in their care do to competitors. However, cost involves in distributing products direct to customer is a factor. A producer may not have the resources to recruit, train and equip salesmen. So it may rather make use of middlemen like retailer or agent to distribute it product to consumers. Question 4 Every organisation is striving to compete in a global market where consumers needs are standardised. Explain why companies strive to be global concerns rather than being national heavy weight. Companies strive to be global concerns because they want to widen their customers base by extending their products to other countries to enable them expand their market and gain more customers. They also strive to be global concerns because they want to increase turnover to make the company financially buoyant to manage all its activities effectively, to put smile on the face of shareholders and to encourage other to invest in the company. However, to ensure a very strong brand name is built by making it known to other countries globally just like what Dell, Nike, Sony, LG and Nokia Company as done. These companies have a very strong brand name by providing good quality of product to their customers, they also involves in sponsoring some activities that will advertise their brand name globally and to make them increase their product sales. Companies strive to be global concern rather than to be national heavy weight because they want to advance in technology, face challenges that will make them better than the national companies and to be able to compete globally or make their products to be known. Prepare marketing mix programmes for any consumers product and hospitality services. Compare and contrast the mix elements for the two. Marketing mix: this is the putting together of product, price, promotion and place used to implement marketing strategy. McDonalds uses various channels to build its brand name by providing quality products and targeting their product on workers and children to enable them gets access to their parents or guardians. They improve on product through listening to customers complains and customers needs on products to enable them give consumers a better product or service. Marketing mix programmes for consumers products in an organisation like McDonalds Restaurant. Product Product is anything that is offer to the market. McDonalds have different types of fast food product for their potential and existing customers; they make these products attractive by designing their menu in such a way that indicate what consumer will be having with any product they chose and what each product contain in a very simple way. However, they also know meeting customers requirements is very crucial on product because they can change taste at any time and these make them to check mate their customer preferable product by getting feedback from them and also through profits made on each product they are aware too. They are extremely careful when introducing new product to the market in order not to affect the existing product sales by redesigning packaging or adding extra features. McDonalds sales on product vary according to the stage they are in their product life cycle and the type of marketing undertaking also depend on the stage of a product. They present their product in more attractive way to motivate their customers to buy. http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/static/pdf/aboutus/education/mcd_marketing.pdf 28/01/2010 Price Price is the amount customers paid for good or service. It play a very vital role in customers (demand) and producer (supply). These enable McDonalds to make their prices of product reasonable to customers in order to increase sales. However, they also determine price for product through looking at how customers will value the product. Medium Big mac  £3.89 Before they actually fix the price of Large and Medium Big mac, they look at how customers and potential customers will value the combination of the product by asking them selves if they would be able to pay  £3.89 for the combination of product. If yes, they can now fix price on that amount. They may cut down their price of product due to competitors as match with the lower prices which mean no extra demand of the product because consumers can get similar or the same product at the same price elsewhere. This will reduces the profit margin and sales. Promotion Promotion this is a way an organisation communicate with potential customers about its product. The purpose is to persuade customers to buy the product by advertising. McDonalds know the important of promotion on their products because there are many competitors in the market with similar product. So to differentiate their products from others they use various ways of advertising to tell the potential customers about the product and price through advertising on TV, radio, online, newspapers and magazines. However, they also use some promotional techniques such as direct mail, sales promotions, exhibitions, point of sales display, special offer etc to keep their customer inform. The aims of these marketing communications may be to increase customers, to visit the restaurant or to recommend the product to a friend. McDonald uses these promotional techniques to communicate to their customers in different ways. For example, if they would like to advertise on TV they collect some information from customers to know the kind of TV programme they watch most often, to enable them know the TV programme to use and it also make them to present the advert in a reasonable way that we call the attention of audience and look interesting to their targeted audience. Place Place is a way by which an organisation distribute its product to users or consumers. McDonalds distribute their product direct to customers by using good location and providing a place to eat the product to make customers feel relax and comfortable. Marketing mix programme for hospitality services at virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic airways use marketing mix to strategise on the kind of products and services render to customers in order to satisfy them. Virgin Atlantic marketing mix Physical Evidence People Place Promotion Price Product Product Some products under air line companies are not physical while some are. Virgin Atlantic has different package of products that they do offer to customers in a different ways, they are: Customers destination and arrival airport Type of ticket or seat customer would prefer to buy (i.e. first class, economy and business class) Kind of food customer would prefer to eat when embarking on a journey (i.e. vegetarian food, meat and fish). The entertainment of customers through watching films, video games, radio. All these are Virgin Atlantic airways product that is package to satisfy their customer, l will like to talk about ticket or seat as a product. They have three type of seat or ticket to offer to customers and the different between these tickets depend on the service they render to individual. The more money you paid, the more value services you get. Price Virgin Atlantic airway makes decision on prices of ticket base on how many seats they would like to sell to customers because they are aware of the fact that cutting down prices do increase demand while high prices affect demand. However, they are been fair to their customers in terms of prices by providing a good offer that will make them happy, at the moment the price of New York economy seat is  £299 and first class is  £1,487 which will end 9th February 2010. Promotion Virgin Atlantic airways knows the important of advertising their product to the general public to enable them get more customers, they do these through TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct marketing techniques, personal selling and sales promotion. Direct marketing promotion is a techniques use by a business to communicate or update customers directly through email or telephone. Virgin Atlantic airways use these to update customers about their offer or deal of the month in order to increase sales. They also use it to get feedback from customers to know how enjoyable was their last trip and this enable them to improve in their service. Personal selling promotion this is the selling of product or service through face to face or telephone communication with customer or potential customers. Virgin Atlantic airline use personal selling to make customer or potential customer to locate or call their office for any information they may need before buying their product or service. Virgin Atlantic also use advert on Television, Newspapers and Radio to reach the general public about the offers or deals they have for them. Place Virgin Atlantic airways know the important of location for travellers who may miss place their bag during travelling to know where to go for collection or who miss their flight due to traffic delayed or for other reasons to enable them get access to another booking ticket at the airport in a discounted price. People People play a very vital role in rendering service. It also one of the components of extended marketing mix which talks about how employees strive to satisfy customers in term of service. Virgin Atlantic airways know the important of people and recruiting the right staff that will be able to give effective service to their customers. They also make sure their staff treat customers in the way they want to be treated by showing good manners and also to be able to give a good solution to any customers complains or assistance. Process Process is the procedure of how service is being carried out to customer without delay. If customers receive fast service these may make them come back agai

Gold :: essays research papers fc

Gold, nothing can compare to this precious metal. A symbol of wealth and prosperity, it has been a value for explorers and adventurers and a lure for conquerors. Today it is vital to commerce and finance; popular in ornamentation, and increasing importance in technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of gold is diverse. The chemical element gold is a heavy, soft metal. It weighs nearly twice as much as lead. Shiny and deep yellow in color, gold is one of two metals, which are not gray or white when pure. Gold is the most ductile of metals. Properties of gold are: ? Symbol - Au ? Atomic Number – 79 ? Atomic Weight – 196.967 ? Electron Configuration - -32-18-1 ? Group in Periodic Table – 1B ? Density at 68 F – 19.3 g/cm^3 ? Boiling Point – 5,370.8 F ? Melting Point – 1,945.4 F ? Number of Protons/Electrons – 79 ? Number of Neutrons – 118 ? Classification – Transition Metal ? Crystal Structure – Cubic Facts: ? Date of Discovery – Circa 3000 BC ? Discover – Unknown ? Name of Origin – From the Old English word geolo (yellow) ? Symbol Origin – From the Latin word aurum (gold) ? Uses – electronics, jewelry, coins ? Obtained From – crust of the earth, copper ores Atomic and Chemical Properties: In it’s usual state – atomic mass number 197 – gold is stable. However, there are radioactive (unstable) isotopes of mass number 186 to 196 and 198 to 203. Gold normally exhibits a chemical valence of one or three.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gold is the “noblest'; of the noble metals (gold, platinum, palladium, and rhodium), so termed because of their inertness, or reluctance to enter into chemical reactions. Gold will not react with common acids but is attacked by a three-to-one mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. This combination is called aqua regia because it reacts with the so-called royal metal. Gold will not combine directly with oxygen, but oxides may be formed indirectly. Gold will also combine with the halogens (fluorine, chlorine bromine, and iodine) and with the cyanides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purity of gold is expressed in Karats (KT), on a scale of 24, or in fineness, on a scale of 1,000. Pure gold is 24 Karat or 1,000 fine. An alloy containing 75 percent gold would be described as 18- Karat gold or 750 fine. History:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo – Saxon gold; L. aurum, gold) Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quarts or pyrite.

The Cuban Legend of the Owl and the Sijú Essay -- Urban Legends Siju

The Owl and the Sijà º The legend of "La lechuza y el sijà º" ("The Owl and the Sijà º") is a popular and old Cuban legend. I collected this legend on March 17th, when I first talked to Denise Corte, my co-worker at my campus job, about this particular class assignment. She is a Brazilian doctoral student whose thesis is based on a Cuban theater group. She traveled to Cuba to follow this theater group that primarily focuses their plays on Cuban legends. When she heard about my assignment she was enthusiastic, as her dissertation is based on the exploration of Cuban legends. She generously told me about a legend that she had included in her own work, concerning an owl and a sijà º, a nocturnal bird native to Cuba. This legend was told to her in Spanish, so she graciously translated it into English. The patakà ­n (legend of Yoruba) concerns the story of a beautiful, mysterious, and wise princess who lived in a very small country. After a war to expel a tyrant, it was proclaimed that all citizens would be equal. Anyone who wanted to put an end to tyranny would find a home in that land. One day, a traveler from a country enveloped in eternal darkness arrived in search of light. The princess saw him and thought he was sick. Confused, she asked her grandmother what to do: "Oye tres dà ­as al zunzà ºn, otros tres dà ­as al canario. La verdad solo tà º la sabes. El remà ©dio està ¡ en tus manos" ("Listen to the zunzà ºn for three days, and other three days to the canary. Only you know the truth. The remedy is in your hands") answered the grandmother. The princess did as recommended, but the only thing she heard was "mal de amor se cura amando" ("lovesickness is cured by loving"). The traveler also sought the old woman, received the same counsel, and heard ... ...n and achieving equality. Also, the legend focuses on how the truth lives on forever and can be heard only by those who are pure at heart. This is demonstrated by the tree of eternal truths, where the princess told the story about her lover, that would not seem "different than any other tree" to liars. This could lead to the interpretation that, despite the tyranny that they were suffering under, the slaves still had hope that their traditions and beliefs would last forever and would only be heard by those that would understand and appreciate them. Works Cited Ayorinde, Christine. Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity. Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 2004 Brown, David. Santeria Enthroned. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003. Clark, Mary Ann. "Santeria." 2000. 09 Apr. 2005 http://sparta.rice.edu/~maryc/Santeria.

Eddie Lee :: Essays Papers

Eddie Lee The book I chose was â€Å" Be Good to Eddie Lee† written by Virginia Fleming. The book is based on a little boy who has Down’s syndrome. The three main characters are Christy, Eddie Lee who has Down’s syndrome and JimBud. The story is about a hot summer day and a quest to find frog eggs in the lake that they all live near. Christy was taught by her mother to be nice to Eddie Lee even though he is different. JimBud on the other hand, is unkind to Eddie Lee because he thinks he is a dummy. After reading this book I found that many of the six values of teaching were touched upon. The first value that I noticed was the one called â€Å"Envisioning Great Expectations†. This little boy Eddie Lee was allowed to play and go about as a normal child. There were no restrictions placed upon him based on his exceptionality. He was free to play down by the pond and walk in the woods just like the other kids. The second value that was also used in this book was â€Å"Enhancing Positive Contributions†. This was shown when Eddie Lee took Christy to the pond he had found deep in the woods and showed her the frog eggs. Christy was really surprised by this because she and JimBud had been looking themselves and couldn’t find any. This made Christy realize that Eddie Lee was just as capable of finding things as Jimbud was, even though Eddie Lee was different. The third value that I saw being used in this book was â€Å"Building on Strengths†. I found this when Eddie Lee was standing on the edge of the lake with JimBud and Christy screaming â€Å"BEE-U-TI-FUL.† This is when Christy realizes for the first time that there was more to the lake than just frog eggs. She sees what Eddie Lee is seeing and understands that some people see things different than others. She was to busy looking for frogs eggs that she didn’t even notice how beautiful the lake was and if it wasn’t for Eddie Lee she might not ever have. The fourth value that I found being used in this book was â€Å"Acting on Choice† Even though Eddie was told to stay home by both Christy and JimBud he chose to follow them. After eavesdropping on there conversation, Eddie Lee takes the initiative and grabs Christy’s hand and takes her to where she can really see some frogs eggs.

The Hobbit Hero’s Journey

â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of the common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from the mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man† (Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces). Joseph Campbell, an expert on mythology has outlined a standard form for heroic stories. He identifies ten stages in a hero’s journey, noting that all of the stages have to occur in every heroic story. In the novel, The Hobbit, by J. R. R. Tolkien, Bilbo Baggins is described as an unlikely hero. According to Campbell, heroes are often the most unlikely person that anyone would expect to be chosen for an adventure. Bilbo goes through many of the stages identified by Campbell for a hero’s journey such as: being called to an adventure, attempting to reject the opportunity, encouraging Gandalf, a helper whoguides  and protects him, and leaving the safe haven of his hobbit home to cross the threshold venturing into the unknown. Bilbo Baggins is described as a respectable hobbit who comes from a rich family that never did anything unexpected, and never took adventures. His peaceful life was interrupted one day by a visit from a wizard named Gandalf. Gandalf had decided that Bilbo would make an excellent burglar on an adventure he was planning, because he could move quickly and very quietly. To this request Bilbo promptly replied â€Å"We are plain quiet folk and have no use for adventures. Nasty uncomfortable things! Make you late for dinner! I can’t see what anybody sees in them†¦Good morning!†¦ we don’t want any adventures here, thank you! (6). Gandalf does not really give the hobbit a choice about going on the adventure. He marks the hobbit’s door with his staff indicating that he is interested in an adventure, and soon after, dwarves start appearing at his doorstep. Bilbo had been called to an adventure by an outside force, attempted to refuse the call, and ended up accept ing the adventure. This is the first stage in a hero’s journey. Another component of a hero’s journey includes a  guide. Gandalf, a wizard capable of performing  magic spells  accompanies Bilbo and the dwarves on part of their quest. Like many supernatural aids, he is called upon at different points in the journey to save the others. Bilbo discovers three trolls sitting around a fire. The trolls catch Bilbo when he tries to steal a purse from William, one of the trolls. The dwarves are also caught. Then, the trolls begin to argue about whether or not they should eat the dwarves and Bilbo. Gandalf returns just in time, and saves Bilbo and the dwarves. According to Campbell, the hero must fulfill the quest using his own strengths alone, so he can learn what his strengths are. Where was Gandalf† (56). After Gandalf and  the company  are saved by the eagles from the Goblins and the Wargs, they are taken to safety to eat and rest. The next  day, Gandalf tells them that he must leave for a while. The guide  often disappears at some point along the journey to allow this to happen, which Gandalf does. With the help of  the guide, Bilbo evolves as a leader and a hero of the group by showing his strengths. Bilbo was very brave when he got was separated from the rest of the group, and had to find his way out of the evil mountain. He also thought of a clever plan to put all of the dwarves in barrels and sail them down the river to escape. These strengths  show  how Bilbo started out extremely cautious, and became a great leader. Bilbo eventually accepts the idea that he is leaving his safe haven in the shire and accepting the call and risks the adventure brings. â€Å"†¦. Bilbo could never remember how he found himself outside, without a  walking  stick or any money†¦running as fast as his feet could carry him down the lane† (28). He was on his way with Gandalf to meet the others at the Inn to begin the journey. He and the others mounted the ponies and headed into the Lone-lands. He even thought to himself early in the trip that adventures were not so bad after all. He had taken a big  step  as he crossed the first threshold leaving his home behind to enter a world unknown. This is a critical stage in a hero’s journey. Bilbo Baggins clearly emerges as a heroic figure as he progresses through the stages of a hero’s journey as outlined by Campbell. He was called to an adventure by an outside force, Gandalf. As with many heroes he attempted to refuse the offer, but was unsuccessful. Gandalf the wizard acts as hisguide  and protector along the journey, while still allowing him to reveal his own strengths. Bilbo takes a critical  step  in the  process  as he crosses the threshold from his safe environment into one  filled with  danger. He was transformed from a cautious, home loving hobbit at the beginning of  the story  into a brave confident hero by the end. According to Thorin, Bilbo had become†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a good companion on our long road and a hobbit full of courage and resource far exceeding his size†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (191).