How Does Media Affect My Life

How Does Media Affect My Life? The developing industry of media and technology has flourished into a revolution. A revolution in which has embarked on plenty of opportunities for media companies to expand and give people the ability to experience a new wave of media products and communications. The affects in which the author of the novel ‘The Shallows’, Nicholas Carr, discusses throughout his own personal experiences of how media has negatively affected his life and his mentality.From reading his novel and his insight on what the Internet is really doing to our brains, I was able to contrast what Carr had said to my own perspective and connect it to experience’s I have had similar to his. Through decades, the evolution of technology has cultivated media into something so easily accessible. Thus, creating those using this technology, to be unfocused in our generation and future generations, changing ones behaviour and creating habits due to neuroplasticity, and fi nally the crave for more technology to meet our generations enthusiastic needs.In this generation, the media has provided its audiences and purchasers with the opportunities and experiences to broaden their personal horizons. Companies and industries have provided societies and people globally with many chances to explore the World Wide Web. Carr explains his insights of the Internet thoroughly throughout his first chapter ‘Hal and Me’. He explains his involvement with his first ever purchased computer and how he fell in love with the capabilities the machine provided. Carr became so involved with the computer he invested into more computers when they were first released.Carr quickly realized what his machine and Internet was actually doing to his brain years later, making him completely unfocused. He noticed specifically when trying to read through a book, and he was not the only one. I think that the media and the Internet have taken away from the generation today, an d future generations to come. The Internet has made it impossible for people like myself, to stay focused for a long period of time while reading. There are easier ways to get a hold of readings from the Internet, with websites such as SparkNotes.Students like myself have used have used the significant source of Sparknotes to gather information about books and articles. The Internet provides a variety of sources and web blogs that help people gather information, and at the same time preventing them from reading an entire book, destroying their focus. It has become a norm today to hop on the Internet and type in a weblog, not providing one with full detail, and skimming through to gain their knowledge. The human brain allows you to discover new experiences and changes in your behaviour. Neuroplacity is responsible for providing us with neural pathways that lead to constant changes.It is neuroplacity that shapes the way we think on a daily basis. We are sucked into the media in the si mplest ways, and we do not realize the major effects that it causes to our mind. The more we involve ourselves with the media technology and Internet, we become more infatuated, as it locks our brains into a certain routine. Carr describes neuroplacity as the â€Å"ability in our brain that allows us to adapt to new situations, learn new stuff, and expand our horizons† (Carr, 34) but it is the constant desire to continue the repetition that makes neuroplacity negative aspect in the media spectrum .When our brain practices certain behaviors continuously, our circuits begin to crave it more. Habits develop such as entering a topic in a search engine on Google or Yahoo. We use search engines to view articles, and access social networks, as we depend on the Internets search engine for our daily dose of communication and media. Therefore, neuroplacity is creating habits that make one crave the Internet and media technology throughout the day in a way that destroys our brain. Enthu siasts celebrate new technology, and the thought of new media being released.They are people who believe that the Internet is only making our culture better in a positive way, indicating it is â€Å"a ‘democratization’ of culture† (Carr, 2). Globally our culture today has become full of enthusiasts, who crave the thought of new media and technology. It is common for people to be excited about the latest phones being released and new updates on websites. Our technology has changed drastically over decades, creating a more convenient way to communicate, share and receive information.Carr describes the extreme change in the way we now look at time. Clocks have become more accurate than ever before, as they were only put into places such as town halls, churches, and palaces (Carr, 43). Today, they are available for every home, hand held, and accessible through electronic devices. Carr describes the mechanical clock transformation as changing the way we see ourselves (Carr, 43). Today’s technology has helped people globally communicate with one another, shop online, search and share their own information.The media phenomenon has become so easily accessible that people now crave for more information, and want the latest technology. Skeptics predicted that this phenomenon would dumb down our culture globally. With the evidence supported by Carr, I do not believe that our culture is ‘dumb downed’ by the media, but it has provided us with more varieties of sources and technology to explore other possibilities. I do agree that the media has created a negative effect on how individuals perceive things now that media has taken over.Clocks went from only being in town halls, churches, and palaces. They are now easily accessible on a smart phone, because of the demand of new, and better technology. More technology and media are being produced today, to live up to our global expectations. The evolution of media has constructed humanâ⠂¬â„¢s thoughts in such a way that adapts to the current society of media. Current civilization has developed into such a technological state in which our society is dependent on. Human behaviors have taken a negative effect from the media in the sense that we are processing so much information.Carr allows us to observe the effects that the Internet and current media have on neuroplacity in the human mind. Media and technology industries are achieving success in the demands of new media products and sources. Global societies have depended on the Internet, and other convenient technologies to get by on a daily basis. Carr provides information that proves the Internet has stolen individual’s ability to focus. Our generation’s ability to concentrate will only worsen with the newly released sources and media products, because of the hunger for new information.

Literature as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language Essay

The purpose of this paper is to familiarize foreign language instructors with the effectiveness of using literature as a mean of bridging the cultural gap between students and the target language. It will also discuss how teaching literature can help students become more effective communicators in the target language and at the same time making them appreciate other cultures different from their own. This may lead to say that, one of the major functions of teaching literature in a foreign language classroom is to serve as a medium to transmit the culture of the target language of the people who speak the language in which it is written. Therefore, literary texts can offer to the students a colorful world that reflects the culture of the language community. As readers; students get engaged within these texts, they come to understand how the characters in such literary works experience life and how they speak and behave in different settings. However , the study of literature can be considered as a method in which students can dive into the cultural experience of the language throughout the imagery and metaphors mentioned in a given text, as Gray points out: â€Å" Students learn to see a world through another’s eye,observing human values , different kind of living and discovering that others live very different societies. they will understand and become broadly aware of the social,political,historical,cultural events happening in a given society. . The role of literature in language teaching Literature, when defined as a subject of study, is an activity that involves and uses language (O’Sullivan, 1991). Ganakumaran et al (2003) stated that it is also referred to as the big â€Å"L† that focuses on the literariness of a text. It is an example of language in use and a context for language use. Literature is seen as a medium in which students’ appreciation of different system language organizat ion can be developed. Therfore, studying literature, on the whole, may not be considered as a reaction but rather as an interaction between the reader , the writer and their cultures. From an other parameter ,the teaching of literature in foreign language classrooms is essential and can be used as a perfect instrument to stimulate and speed up the teaching and learning process Carter and Long (1991). In other words, literature contributes in helping the students to explore knowledge ,promote their literacy development and fosters their language proficiency. Also, literature may provide effective, attitudinal and experiential factors which will motivate students to read McKay (1982). As a matter of fact, Obeidat (1997) said that literature has much to offer than language would normally do, since it has greater freedom and since it acknowledges no linguistic barriers which could refrain our ability to use language. Therefore, it is undeniable that literature helps to improve students’ command of language and the ability to use it freely, not solely as a linguistic, but as a cultural, intellectual, social and psychological medium of expression. In terms of using literature to teach language, Brumfit and Carter (1986) asserted that literary texts not only can grip the reader’s imagination more strongly but they can also be promoted for the examination of language at work. Littlewood (2005) also observed that although such texts were predominantly valuable for developing reading skills, it could be exploited for purposes such as explaining grammar teaching and indicating various types of language usage. Since literary texts contain language intended for native speakers, literature stands as a model for language learners to become familiar with different forms and conventions (Collie and Slater, 1991). Containing real examples of grammatical structures and vocabulary items, the literary texts raise learners’ awareness of the range of the target language and advance their competence in all language skills (Povey, 1967). Second, using literature in language teaching has the advantage of providing cultural information about the target language. Literary texts increase foreign language learners’ insight into the country and the people whose language is being learnt (Collie and Slater, 1991), which fosters learners’ ability to interpret discourse in different social and cultural target language contexts (Savvidou, 2004). . Literature as an instruments that stimulates the knowledge of the culture Teaching literature stimulates the imagination of the students and develops their critical abilities by getting them involved in interpreting the different symbols and meanings found in the text. They become more productive and adventurous when they perceive the richness and diversity of the language. Therefore, it is vital if educators create a harmonious literary atmosphere ,they may enable their students to immerse themselves in the story by turning the classroom into a cultural island where students interact with the text, share different viewpoints about the settings, the style, the language. Researchers have recognized that the benefits of using literature in three core areas: First , literature is beneficial to language development( John and Louis, 1987; Morgan, 1998; Myonghee, 2004;Sage,1987); second, literature enhances the knowledge of ulture and society which is too complicated to be captured by any single piece of expository writing; Third, literature fosters critical thinking by offering readers multiple perspectives especially in books with issues such as immigration, cultural differences, social upheavals (Edmondson 1995/6). John Lye (2003) believed that literature captures the complexities of the human situation, illustrating (dramatically, imaginatively, compellin gly) the grounds and the meanings of values, and the nuances of our experiences. It also allows us imaginatively to inhabit the lives, the experiences, the meanings of others. Lye(2003) added that literature challenges the sentimentalization of values, and those distortions of values which serve the ends of the powerful, the opportunistic, and those who want only to serve their own desires ,from an other parameter, literature explores and reflects conflicts in the culture itself, conflicts in the values and ideas of the culture, the conflict of social groups (ethnic, racial, class, gender, religious and so forth), in addition to that ,it offers a sense of identity and community, by establishing and founding narratives which capture the ‘essence’ of what typifies the culture or community, or by dramatizing those particular stories and images which give the culture a sense of common meaning and purpose. 4.  Applying literature and culture in language teaching classroom When it comes to learning a new language there can be no substitute for actually living in a country where this language is spoken. Besides, teaching literature does not mean ,limit students to take a passive role but to stimulate students to be engaged proactively within the target language. However, foreign language teachers can provide literary texts best by turning their literature classes into a community where students can engage themselves actively with the culture and the language they are studying and where the emphasis in class could be on ‘cultural experience rather than cultural awareness. As Duff and Maley point out, â€Å"literature offers universal themes which are relevant to students’ own experience,it is also a mirror that reflects and heightens each learner’s perception of the social world. Thus, literary texts are opened to multiple interpretations and interactions†. Students cannot remain passive if they are to interpret and understand what they are reading. They are placed â€Å"in an active interactional role in working with and making sense of the target language guided by the teacher, they have to actively participate and interact with each other. Literature and culture in foreign language teaching can provide linguistic and artistic elements and perspectives to students.  Through literature as well as culture, students could have the opportunity to establish a connection with the target language and realize that their own personal, social,cultural and historical contexts have been influenced by a foreign language and a foreign culture and how, in a symbiotic process, this other culture has been nourished. Culture, on the other hand, offers an interdisciplinary field that includes artistic discourses, social conventions, and reflexive impacts. It opens the door for students to increase their knowledge of the target culture as they can contemplate and critically comment on people’s way of life, values, attitudes, and beliefs, and regard how these elements can have an impact in linguistic categories and forms. Indeed,language found a soulmate in literature, and they are inserted in culture.

A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller

Data processing stages of the transmitter and receiver modules have been implemented using digital components, thereby avoiding possible use of conventional devices like monostable multivibrators. Due to the fully digital nature, the proposed design is less complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to make their everyday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the development of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them partially/fully in their daily activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people. Our primary motivation to build a simple and low cost system which remotely operates all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a standard telephone set so that the telephone can be used for the dual purpose of telephony and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, transmitter and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn made up of a digital data processing block and a wireless (infrared) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infrared) receiver block, digital data processing block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit which converts them to corresponding 4 bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 bit frame using this BCD code to facilitate asynchronous communication . The receiver decodes the received signals after checking for any transmission errors (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances. The system employs an asynchronous type of communication [1] in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior information regarding the phase of the transmitter clock [2]. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver [3]. Hence the data is transmitted in the form of frames instead of individual bits. Each such frame consists of start bits, information bits, and stop bits [1]. This is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data processing block of he transmitter gives constant logical high output. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the output of data processing block is negated before transmission to save power in the idle state. The receiver module also senses this and remains idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reception of a start bit changes the state of the r eceiver from an idle to an active state. It then has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at proper sampling instants. Most of the standard hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly rely on variable components such as resistance and capacitance values, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagation delays associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreover, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation delay considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in Section II. Results and discussions are given in Section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual functions of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone can be activated by pressing ‘#’ from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, ‘#’ should be pressed again to deactivate the control system. This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone Interface Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the standard telephone system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local loop and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration [4] which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) [5]. The dual tone frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system remains in the idle state until ‘#’ button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until ‘#’ button is pressed again. This is realized in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to ‘#’ as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the ‘#’ button is pressed and this is directly used to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 [5] is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communicatio n as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 can not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is thus transmitted as frames for proper reception [1]. We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by four data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. Parity bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mark the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly consists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block: This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication. First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. Next bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block: This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The transmission range of the system is thus highly improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before tran smission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. Receiver The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active. It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block: This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels. A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) [6] is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling Clock Generator: The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value ‘0’. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data. Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value ‘0’, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder: The serial input data is sampled according to the sampling instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter (74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly . This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set. The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. This limited the distance between the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an upper limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps [5]. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. T his is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle. Moreover, the signal power reduces when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operating at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not much concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks. Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remotely using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily within a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its ‘#’ button on the keypad. The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop thus avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications. Moreover, the system is capable of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed system can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of appliances, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES [1] Gorry Fairhurst. Asynchronous Communication [Online]. Available: http://www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. [2] D. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004. [3] A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, â€Å"A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication†, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. [4] DTMF Background [Online]. Available: http:// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. [5] Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver [Online]. Available: http://www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. [6] Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. vishay. com/docs/82030/82030. pdf A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller Data processing stages of the transmitter and receiver modules have been implemented using digital components, thereby avoiding possible use of conventional devices like monostable multivibrators. Due to the fully digital nature, the proposed design is less complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to make their everyday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the development of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them partially/fully in their daily activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people. Our primary motivation to build a simple and low cost system which remotely operates all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a standard telephone set so that the telephone can be used for the dual purpose of telephony and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, transmitter and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn made up of a digital data processing block and a wireless (infrared) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infrared) receiver block, digital data processing block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit which converts them to corresponding 4 bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 bit frame using this BCD code to facilitate asynchronous communication . The receiver decodes the received signals after checking for any transmission errors (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances. The system employs an asynchronous type of communication [1] in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior information regarding the phase of the transmitter clock [2]. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver [3]. Hence the data is transmitted in the form of frames instead of individual bits. Each such frame consists of start bits, information bits, and stop bits [1]. This is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data processing block of he transmitter gives constant logical high output. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the output of data processing block is negated before transmission to save power in the idle state. The receiver module also senses this and remains idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reception of a start bit changes the state of the r eceiver from an idle to an active state. It then has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at proper sampling instants. Most of the standard hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly rely on variable components such as resistance and capacitance values, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagation delays associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreover, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation delay considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in Section II. Results and discussions are given in Section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual functions of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone can be activated by pressing ‘#’ from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, ‘#’ should be pressed again to deactivate the control system. This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone Interface Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the standard telephone system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local loop and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration [4] which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) [5]. The dual tone frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system remains in the idle state until ‘#’ button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until ‘#’ button is pressed again. This is realized in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to ‘#’ as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the ‘#’ button is pressed and this is directly used to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 [5] is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communicatio n as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 can not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is thus transmitted as frames for proper reception [1]. We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by four data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. Parity bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mark the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly consists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block: This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication. First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. Next bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block: This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The transmission range of the system is thus highly improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before tran smission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. Receiver The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active. It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block: This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels. A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) [6] is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling Clock Generator: The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value ‘0’. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data. Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value ‘0’, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder: The serial input data is sampled according to the sampling instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter (74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly . This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set. The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. This limited the distance between the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an upper limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps [5]. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. T his is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle. Moreover, the signal power reduces when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operating at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not much concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks. Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remotely using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily within a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its ‘#’ button on the keypad. The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop thus avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications. Moreover, the system is capable of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed system can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of appliances, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES [1] Gorry Fairhurst. Asynchronous Communication [Online]. Available: http://www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. [2] D. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004. [3] A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, â€Å"A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication†, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. [4] DTMF Background [Online]. Available: http:// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. [5] Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver [Online]. Available: http://www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. [6] Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. vishay. com/docs/82030/82030. pdf

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REFLECTIVE COMMENTRY- - Essay Example Anti-social Behaviour act 2003 was enacted in order to provide enforcement for the Antisocial behaviour order and the Fixed Penalty Notice, the ban of sale of spray pain to under 16s and empower the local councils in removal of graffiti from the private property. It also has provisions to deal the truancy, false report for emergency, fireworks, drunkenness and disorder, and related gang activities. Working with other agencies in the society like communal and neighbourhood groups to tackle ASBO issues and work also with the extended policy family to have visible presence in the community to deter and divert crimes. Have opening schedule of licensed premises to ensure crime prevent ant-social behaviour to have proactive visits to the licensed premises in partnership with local police force to provide public reassurances The new policy should also ensure that it uses all the available means to reach to the public to ensure that the problem of antisocial behaviour is address. All the available options including the media and other avenues should be used to reach the public and create awareness on the antisocial behaviour sand how they are to be avoided. In this incidence, the young man who is involved in the antisocial behaviour exhibit problems of social exclusion and other problems. Although he has social problems he is in a bad company which may be influencing him to engage in crimes. Social exclusion can make individual to start engaging in crimes. According to social labelling theory self-identity and behaviour of an individual is influenced by the way that person is labelled by the society and the way that individual is described by the member of the society. Although sub-cultural theory assumer that there are groups or individual in the society that have characters that make them prone to criminal activities, the society also plays big role in constructing the criminal. (Marek 2004, p. 32) Labelling theory

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The purpose of the Reflective Paper is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by describing your understanding and application of knowledge in the field of human resource management - Essay Example Additionally, it is the duty of the human resource management to promote employee satisfaction, personal development, as well as complying with laws that are related to employment. The following are the tasks that the human resource management team should indulge themselves in. One of the main tasks that the human resource manager is given is hiring. Finding a suitable person to take up the position that a human resource manager intents to be filled is a very hard task to do. If the human resource management intends to hire the most suitable candidate for the job, the first step to take is to analyze the terms of the job. Analyzing the terms of the jobs include understanding the skills and knowledge acquired for the job, understanding how the job works and the typical settings of the work (Walker,1998). After the human resource management has analyzed what the job entails, the next step that is required is writing down the job descriptions. Writing the job descriptions entails writing the minimum requirements of the job. The first step to do is to provide a simple and short synopsis of what the job entails. The next step is to write down the duties. In writing down the duties, the human resource management should divide the tasks into minor sub duties of the job requirement. The final thing to do is to write the degree of supervision entailed. This includes whether supervision is given or received. The technique used in recruiting should be able to attract a large pool of people. This will enable the human resource management to find the perfect candidate for the job. The current employees provide a suitable candidate for the job since they know the rules and the regulations of the job. This should be done through internal posting of the job perhaps through the notice job. The next step is usually to screen the right candidate through their application and resumes.

Strategic marketing management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic marketing management - Coursework Example Sony, a leading firm in the rapidly changing digital appliance industry has continued to explore and establish new markets globally. In addition, the corporation has been dealing with customer electronics from the time the World War II ended. The company with their wide experience and participation in the global market for long, it has enabled the company to grow and become the global company and the wealthiest. The company markets its products and services globally under the famous trademark â€Å"Sony†, which is registered in more than 204 countries globally. These subsidiaries both in Japan and those distributed all over the world, has the responsibility of marketing the company’s products and services (Hodgson, 1998, p19). The Sony Corporation has more than 30 Subsidiaries Company in Japan and more than 50 subsidiaries outside Japan. Sony Marketing (Japan) Inc. has the role of sales and marketing of the company’s products. ... es that excel from given technological advancement or have been experiencing new inventions at entering the market; thus, posing challenge to Sony Corporation. Secondly, company has also experienced the aspect of price fluctuation from technological advancement and competitive dynamics thus influencing the aspect of demand and supply in the world market. For example, when the product prices of HDD rise, the profits of products experience pressure, which cannot be warranted. Thirdly, the company’s products have rapidly become obsolete thus shortening the product life cycle. Apart from internationalizing its products, the promoting the company undertakes marketing strategies the engage on research and development of potential markets globally. 1.1 Marketing strategy The modern theories dealing with marketing strategies emphasize the need for business and companies embrace the modern competitive strategies on the business environment. The theory by Anthony Freeling suggests that there is the need for business to embrace the element of agile, marketing strategy. The marketing agile will enable the company to respond to the issues of market demands without any difficulty. The theories on the marketing strategies need that the companies develop competitive strategies that will allow them compete with other rival companies effectively. According to the modern theories of strategic marketing, the traditional marketing strategies have proved to be slow and laborious in nature thus results in increasing the cost of operations of the company. Marketing strategy is a marketing approach that companies to capture market niche in the consumer environment use that. The business set-up utilizes and employs the use of marketing strategy to gain and maximize the optimal profit

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Comparison of the novel by Robert Penn Warren and the film Adaptation - Essay Example However, the substance of the prose will highlight how successful was the screenplay in projecting the character’s emotion and their conflicts. One of the turning points in the entire story was how the relationship between Judge Irwin and Jack Burden was affected by the on-going power struggle of Willie Stark. Jack’s character is torn between the man, who had always been a father figure to him throughout his life and the man, who was everything he had wanted to be. In the book, Jack confronts Judge Irwin about the only scandal in his otherwise sterling career and personal life. The Judge admits to his sin as Jack openly blackmails him. The judge seems resolute and does not give in to his blackmail and later on Jack discovers through his mother that not only did Judge Irwin commit suicide, but he was also his biological father. (Warren, 2002) The book clearly elaborates upon the irony of their conflict, as the Judge bequeathed him the same dirty money that Jack was blackmailing him over. The conflict between Judge Irwin and Jack is depicted in a completely different light in the 1949 adaptation; as Judge Irwin’s character was replaced by Judge Stanton and the dramatic discovery of Jack’s paternity was completely omitted. The 2006 version did include this part and besides the dramatic finding, the movie shows a compelling exchange between the two characters; Judge Irwin hints at a dark secret but doesn’t reveal it that prepares the audience for what is to come and emboldens the element of suspense in the novel. (Zaillian, 2006) The movie depiction of this scenario somehow makes more sense than the book’s description. It wasn’t any flaw on part of the author but the actors and their respective involvement in their roles successfully projected the intensity of the emotion and the conflict they were embroiled in. The climax of the story is reached with Stark’s

Woman's Building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Pheochromocytoma Essay Example for Free

Pheochromocytoma Essay Above the kidneys are two yellowish- orange colored glands that are approximately two and half by one inch called the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands play a very important role in secreting hormones and protecting the body from stress. The adrenal glands are composed of two parts, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones that regulate many different body functions. Not only that, but a hormone called aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex. This hormone regulates the amount of water and salt that is in a person’s body. The adrenal gland also has another part called the adrenal medulla which also has a significant role. The adrenal medulla’s functions mainly deal with stress and frightening situations. It produces hormones known as catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. Catecholamines deal with responding to acute or severe, sudden stress like in situations that are life threatening. Theses catecholamine hormones are responsible for the racing of the heart, known as palpations, sweating, the shakiness of the hands, and the widening of the eyes when a stressful situation occurs or when faced with sudden fear. When these glands begin to grow tumors called Pheochromocytoma. Phechromocytoma is a rare tumor that is found on the adrenal glands that causes hyper secretion of hormones that control the heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism called epinephrine and norepinephrine that results in intermittent or sustained hypertension. Pheochromocytoma most often occurs in young to middle- aged adults that are between the ages of 30 and 60. Out of the people who are affected, ten percent of them are children that develop symptoms between the ages of 6 and 14. Many factors contribute to the cause of phechromocytoma. Environmental and genetic factors both play a role in most cases. Pheochromocytoma can occur either alone, or in combination with other disorders. Neurofibromatosis Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, also known as MEN syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia are the most common disorders that pheochromocytoma are associated with. Since it can combined with other conditions, there are also quite a few symptoms that go alomg with it as well. If a person has pheochromocytoma, high blood pressure is the most common symptom, which can be to the extreme at times. Although every child is different and may experience symptoms differently, other symptoms may include rapid pulse, headache, racing heart, poor weight gain despite a good appetite, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, pale skin, growth failure, nausea, clammy skin, and abdominal pain. Because pheochromocytoma may resemble other medical conditions or problems, it is always best to consult the child’s physician for a proper diagnosis. Diagnostic procedures for pheochromocytoma, along with a complete physical examination and medical history, may include a urine and blood test so that hormone levels can be measured, a CAT scan may be taken of the adrenal gland, which is more detailed than a general x- ray and a radioisotope scan. Also, genetic testing may be done as well. Once pheochromocytoma is diagnosed, treatment can begin. Based on the overall health, age, medical history, tolerance for specific medications, the extent of the disease, and ther factors, will help the physician determine the specific treatment needed for pheochromocytoma. Usually, the treatment includes removing the tumor. However, before the tumor can even be removed, the physician may prescribe some mediations to control high blood pressure. When dealing with children and pheochromocytoma, there may be multiple tumors. In this case, before the surgery, an extensive evaluation is required to locate the tumors. After surgery, to monitor the development of future tumors, on- going medical follow- ups may be necessary. Since, in most cases, genetics play a role in pheochromocytoma, family members are well- advised to be tested to rule out the presence of any tumors.

Importance of Conservation Essay Example for Free

Importance of Conservation Essay The term wildlife has been used to refer to species of wild plants and animals. Nature is a term which infers not only life forms but also the interactions between those life forms. Biodiversity is a comprehensive word for the degree of nature’s variety, including both the number and frequency of ecosystems, species and genes in a given assemblage. It is a word which embraces both species richness and genetic diversity, both of which are being threatened throughout the world. Species extinctions and a reduction in genetic variability is taking place at rate never before witnesses. These losses can be attributed to various factors including pollution, physical disturbance, exploitation for food and other uses, deliberate extirpation, and habitat loss and fragmentation; the last of these is undoubtedly the most serious threat. Symptomatic of the rapidly growing human population, pollution, extinctions and habitat loss are all contributing to a diminished quality of life for future generations (Spellerberg, 1992). Conservation of Botanical Diversity Plants are the basis for life on Earth and without their capacity to capture the sun’s energy through the process of photosynthesis there would be no life in our planet. Therefore the conservation of plants is vital to the continued existence of life. There are between 250 and 300 thousand species of flowering plants, an estimated 200 thousand species of ferns, conifers, mosses and liverworts, giving a total of over half a million plant species in the world. Each species has different habitat requirements, performs different ecological functions in different ecosystems and has different uses or potential uses for humankind. It is not then enough to preserve a few selected plant species. For the survival of a quality of life, and the maintenance of the physical processes such as climate patterns, atmosphere and soil, the majority of plant species are needed. It is, therefore, of utmost importance that conservation techniques for plants aim at preserving as many species as possible (Maxted, Ford-Lloyd, Hawkes, 1997). Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Nature conservation generally focuses on land and distinguishes between two main types of protected area: the national or international parks, and reserves. Like in the case of Konza Prairie Trail, aside from research purposes, the site is also being conserved to preserve the biodiversity in the area and save the animals that are living in the site (Mason, 2007). National/international parks are heterogeneous areas in which generally different biotopes are present and in which some processes are sufficiently conserved. Reserves are generally patchy and smaller, being surrounded by an agricultural or developed matrix. Nature conservation plans are generally achieved following three main approaches: Conservation of threatened plants and animal populations; Conservation of representative biotopes (a piece of land with a particular type of nature), including communities and ecological processes; Conservation of areas with high biological and/or ecological diversity Generally conservation policies tend to conserve structures rather than processes. Landscape ecology can be useful for nature conservation because it takes into consideration the spatial arrangement of habitats, and consequently considers structures and processes as perceived by the different species. This perception often does not coincide with human perception, creating difficulties when management action is required. A compromise should be found, since in the future wild, remote and large areas will be increasingly rare because of human intrusion (Farina, 1997).

Plans And Development To Achieve Sustainability Tourism Essay

Plans And Development To Achieve Sustainability Tourism Essay This report shows how sustainable tourism has been established in England. For the completion of task on I took the tourist destination of South west England, There is also an introduction to sustainable tourism, along with this how the area in general has achieved .In the second task I have taken a region from the South west England and emphasized based on that tourist destination. I picked Cornwall. it gives an in sight to the development process that Cornwall will take to create sustainable tourism along with the plans, actions and visions. Task 1: How the city has planned and developed to achieve sustainability? The plans and development to achieve sustainability This is a kind of tourist industry that is committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate future employment for local people. The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development brings a positive experience for the local people, tourism companies and tourist themselves. But it is a must to keep in mind that there is a vast difference between sustainable tourism and eco tourism. Many people believe that tourism is the back bone of a countrys economy, thus global economist forecast continuing international tourism growth, ranging between three to six percent annually, which totally depends on the location. As one of the largest and fastest growing industries, this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and indigenous cultures, which are often used to support mass tourism. There are tourist who promotes sustainable tourism are sensitive to these dangers and seek to protect tourist destinations, thus which helps protect tourism as an industry. Sustainable tourist can reduce the impact of tourism in many ways, which includes: Anticipating and respecting local cultures, expectations and assumptions. Contributing to intercultural understanding and tolerance Supporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring business which conserves cultural heritage and traditional values. Supporting local economies by purchasing local goods and participating with small, local businesses. Increasing, destinations and tourism operations are endorsing and following responsible tourism, as a pathway towards sustainable tourism. Responsible tourism and sustainable tourism have an identical goal, that of sustainable development. The pillars of responsible tourism are therefore the same as those of the sustainable tourism- environmental integrity, social justice and economic development. Thus taking the above facts into consideration we can say that the United Kingdom is a country that encourages sustainable tourism, Places like Scotland, Irelands, and Cornwall are places that still have the beauty that was there many years back and thus these places employ the above system as they want to carry out what they have for many years. The Tourist Destination that I have chosen is South West England, as it is world famous that south West England boast of beautiful tourist destinations and those they encourage sustainable tourism. South West England Prides itself for being the most popular tourist destination in the U.K for the reason is that the population is 22.7 million but with a tourist of 96 per day. But this happens to be one of the greenest and, embracing sustainability like no other tourist destination. South West England which includes Devon, Cornwall, Somerset and Wiltshire is so unique in terms of sustainability. Meeting the needs of the visitor, industry and community within environmental and social limits is how tourist destinations, such as South West England, interpret the sometimes rather nebulous concept of sustainability and sustainable development. A challenging undertaking if one considers the multitude of stakeholders involved in Tourism and their very specific needs and expectations. However, sustaining Tourism within social and environmental limits is crucial for the region. Nine billion GBP visitors spend a year mean that up to 262.000 jobs exist thanks tourism, with tourism counting for up to 22% of total employment in Cornwall alone. To secure this source of revenue and jobs, a sustainable approach towards tourism development is indispensable. Tourism planners in the South West were quick to realize the need for sustainable tourism and responded with a vision paper, which is called the Towards 2015, which emphasizes on sustainability and quality as the only way forward. This further state that the authorities believe that this strategy represents a huge opportunity for this region thus makes tourism up to 10% of the GDP and supports over 300,000 jobs. The people of the region want to see improvement of the regions environment. The towards 2015 state, that the major attraction is the environment to the visitors. They also believe in working together with all three authorities that they can make South West the best, prosperous and successful destination. The executive Summary of this strategic paper also makes clear that a new strategic approach of tourism will: Protect the environment Improve the quality of life of the local people. Take advantage of the regions existing strengths Create along term and a sustainable industry. No strategy paper or vision document is worth if no implementation or action lacks it or if it isnt followed. So thus, initiatives and marketing messages suggest that policy implementation is going well in South West England. There, dozens of initiatives have emerged in the last few years, some of the most prominent being the Green Tourism Business Scheme which is inspiring and also a very informative web sites promote sustainable tourism in South West England. The Green Tourism Business Scheme is the national sustainable tourism certification scheme in U.k. Thus this provides tourist firms with environmental advice and audit advice too. So the following link provides wider information of The green tourism business scheme. http://www.green-business.co.uk/ There are some limitations regarding the sustainable development of Englands south west. Being predominantly a rural area, poor public transport links can make it difficult .but on the positive note, consumer awareness of sustainability issues and climate change is steadily increasing not least due to extensive media reporting. In the, it remains to be seen in Cornwall and Devon shall manage to keep for a sustainable tourism in the years to come. The link below will definitely bring out the fact that sustainable tourism is being marketed around the world and thus these kinds of web sites are a way of encouraging tourist. http://www.responsibletravel.com/ Thus South West England a rural area has planned to develop sustainable tourism, it is also known as a very green area that is fast embracing sustainable tourism. The vision paper toward 2015 speaks more about this and the e marketing used by them shows that South West England is heading towards a well planned sustainable tourist destination. How the destination has been and managed to earn sustainability. The location and its characteristics As above I stated the area I took to make the report is South West England. South West England is one of the regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area, covering 9,200 square miles which includes Bristol, Cornwall, Devon, Wiltshire. Five million people live there. The region includes two national parks and four world heritage sites, including Stonehenge. Traditionally, the South West England has been well known for producing Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, for Devon cream teas, and for cider. It is well known as the home of the Eden project, Aardman animation, The Glastonbury Festival, the British International Balloon Fiesta, trip hop music and also Cornwalls surfing beaches. The unique landscape, natural beauty and cultural heritage of Cornwall are central to Cornwalls Tourist economy and are the star attraction for Cornwalls visitors. Cornwall represents finest sustainable management and therefore essential to a long term prosperous future for the tourism industry and Cornwalls economy. Historically the tourist industry has focused on visitors numbers, but for the last twenty years, the emphasis has shifted to attracting more visitors to appreciate Cornwalls intrinsic qualities throughout the year, creating successful shoulder seasons which sustain better employment spreading the total number of visitors. Great strides have been taken in the field of sustainable tourism, in no short amount to the work of the Cornwall Sustainable Tourism Project who has developed a very active sustainable tourism network, providing supporting tools and training to tourism businesses across the county. Green Tourism Business scheme is highly supported in this area. How the area has managed to earn sustainability. 3.2.1 The current picture. Given the relative unpopulated nature of Area of outstanding natural beauty within Cornwall as a whole, a significant proportion of business awarded in the Green Tourism Business Scheme are located within the Area of out standing natural beauty of Cornwall. An impressive 20% of businesses on the GTBS are located within the AONB which in turn benefits other local benefits. Customers of GTBS businesses are likely to be more aware, environmentally responsible and less impacting on the landscape and environmental of the AONB. 3.2.2 Sustainable Tourism predicted trend. Climate change It is difficult to predict what may happen to tourism in the face of climate change. One scenario is that better weather in the shoulder months could enable increased activity which shall result in a higher number of tourists. More wet weather event in the shoulder month the winter could increase the pressure for wet weather attractions. Increasing coastal erosion due to climate change could see many of the coastal car parks, foot paths under threat. Resource depletion An increase depletion of fossil fuels and rising energy costs could result in visitors and recreation users actively seeking alternative methods of travel. Areas adjacent to center of population may experience more pressure as people become less mobile and there is likely to be more long term stays. Lifestyle changes There is a current ongoing shift to shorter, more frequent visits and more last minute breaks making it more difficult for visitors to plan activities and for tourist operators to plan ahead and manage a stay and facilities. However heightened awareness of the environmental impact of tourism is likely to lead to more visitors seeking sustainable breaks in areas that are well managed and maintained. Tourism development. Increasing numbers of tourists and their changing expectations and desires in terms of their experience are likely to increase pressure for tourism development, particularly in coastal areas such as the redevelopment of coastal caravan sites, new cafes, shops and bars, further car parks and other infrastructure such as toilet facilities. All have the potential to negative impact upon the AONB landscape.Equally,the national trust restoration of diminished hot spots such as Kynance cove, Lizard point and Bedruthan steps demonstrates how conservation and intensive access can be reconciled and sustained with planned management and targeted resources. 3.2.3 Cornwall Sustainable Tourism working Group. Visit Cornwall is the tourism service based within the Cornwall development Company at Cornwall Council.Vistit Cornwall will administer a new Visit Cornwall Partnership to give a strategic steer to tourism within Cornwall, producing a new business plan. There will be a valuable opportunity to influence both the plan and partnership in order to maintain sustainable tourism and recreation within the county. The sustainable Tourism working group is an informal group of organizations that meets to push forward the sustainable tourism agenda in Cornwall and this group will be instrumental in influencing mainstream tourism development. 3.2.4 Sustainable Access Opportunities to encourage sustainable access to Cornwall and AONB through work of organization such as Devon and Cornwall Railway Partnership -seeking to encourage visitors to use rail way around Cornwall, A number of other transport initiatives exist to encourage car free day outs. The Cornish way multi use trails provide opportunities for walkers and cyclist to access ANOB.There will be opportunities to build new infrastructures such as multi link trails, in order to support and encourage sustainable tourism. 3.2.5 The Rural Development Programme for the Area. The aim of this is to create a genuinely sustainable farming, forestry and food sectors. This has a number of key aims designed to increase the total value of this spend and ensure that as much as possible is kept within local rural businesses and communities. It will support the improvement of the quality of overall experience, through maintaining and developing the natural environment. As the regional strategic lead for tourism, South West tourism are delivering the sustainable rural tourism theme with the current round of funding now allocated to 6 regional projects in Cornwall. Thus it is being led by Cornwall Council and involves the development of multi user trails in Cornwall, around Bodmin area, linking the Tarka and Camel trails to relieve honey pot sites on the coast. 3.2.6 Aims A tourism industry which recognizes the value of a high quality landscape to its business, with the AONB playing a central role and which looks to attract sustainable visitors, in sustainable numbers through the year. A visitor and tourist provider which respects the landscape and environment of the Cornwall AONB and does everything possible to minimize their own impact. A tourism industry which values the landscape as its key asset and is in harmony with its land scape and environment, seeking to support other Cornish industries which enhance local distinctiveness. 3.2.7 Policies Promote sustainable tourism which supports for the for the landscape and environment upon which the industry depends, providing a model for the development of tourism across the whole of Cornwall. Raise awareness and respect for the Cornwall AONB and communicate effectively to local tourist businesses about the special qualities of the natural, cultural and built environment of the AONB in order that they can be celebrated, respected and sustainable utilized as a utilized as a marketing tool. Sensitively and sustainable developed and market the AONB to potential visitors numbers where the AONB landscape is becoming degraded through over use. Secure a strong voice for the AONB within tourism management in Cornwall to ensure that sustainable tourism activity drives the industry. 3.2.8 Actions Representation from the Sustainable Tourism Working Group and the Cornwall AONB partnership on the visit Cornwall partnership-Cornwall sustainable tourism working group. Encourage training in the tourism sector. Production and implementation of a yearly business plan to implement the Cornwall AONB sustainable Tourism Strategy plan and action plan. Conclusion This report is how south west England will encourage developing Sustainable tourism and face the tourist challenges in the future; keeping in mind that tourism is the back bone of a country. This also clarifies the action that should be taken in order to achieve a successful sustainable tourist industry.

Terry Fox Essay -- essays research papers

In Canadian history there are many famous people. In my mind one really stands out among the rest. His name is Terry Fox and he is one of the greatest athlete to run on the face of this planet. Terry discovered he had cancer and then decided to run across Canada. He was a brave man who would take what the world through at him. Running across Canada was his way to show the world that he was not going out with out a fight. Terry Fox was born in Winnipeg Manitoba on July 28 1958 Terry was raised in port Coquintlam, British Columbia. He was very athletic from a young age. When he was in grade eight Terry was rated nineteen out of nineteen on his basketball team. For that first season he was on the court for approximately one minute. This did not affect Terry and did not let it get to him, fore just two years later Terry was the starring player on his team. By the time he graduated he became one of two athletes to receive the schools highest athletic award. Terry knew that aches and pains are common in athlete’s lives. At the end of his first year of university there was a new pain in his knee. One morning Terry woke up to see that he could no longer stand up. A week later Terry found out that it was not just an ache he had a malignant tumor; his leg would have to be cut off six inches above the knee. Terry’s doctor told him that he had a chance of living but the odds were fifty to seventy percent. He also said that he should be glad it happened now fore just 2 years ago the chance of living was fifteen percent. The night before his operation a former coach brought Terry a magazine featuring a man who ran a marathon after a similar operation. Terry didn’t want to do something small if he was going to do something he was going to do it big. "I am competitive" Terry said, "I’m a dreamer. I like challenges. I don’t give up. When I decided to do it, I knew it was going to be all out. There w as no in between Terry’s sixteen month follow up he saw all the young people suffering and getting weak by the disease. He never forgot what he saw and felt burdened to thoughts that died to run this marathon. He was one of the lucky one in three people to survive in the cancer clinics. Terry wrote asking for sponsorship " I could not leave knowing that these faces and feelings would still be here even though I would be set free of mine, s... ...sed in the middle of the street. "Yesterday I could run twenty three miles and now I can’t cross the street." Terry said. Terry’s mother cried as Terry spoke to the reporters "Well, you know, I had primarily cancer is in my lungs and I have to go home." His voice broke as he spoke. But he continued "and have some more x-rays or maybe an operation that will involving opening my chest or more drugs I’ll do everything I can. I’m gonna do my best. I’ll fight. I promise I wont give up." His father pleated with him to give up and take the rest of his life slowly. For ten months Terry battle with the disease left him in pain for most of the end of his life. Terry died with his family beside him on June 28, 1981 one month before his twenty third birthday. Terry Fox in my opinion was a true Canadian hero He went to his limit to fulfill the dreams of all his friends that he made in the cancer clinics. He gave his life to those people and died for them. Terry is not a person that anybody will forget. He is and amazing person and a good role model for anybody to look up to. He has proven that he can take anything the world throws at him.

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Acts 3 scene 1 of the play is a turning point. How important are the events of this scene to the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet At the beginning of the play the audience already know the plot, from the prologue. The prologue describes the two lovers to be, quote: 'star-crossed lovers', luck will influence the events. Their love leads to death, quote: 'death marked love' this tells us that Romeo and Juliet are going to die, but in the first two acts, the actions of the play seem to be positive and encouraging because Romeo and Juliet first sight each other at the Capulet's ball, they fall in love, start to meet up secretly after the ball, get married without telling anyone and start planning their future together. In the space of twenty-four hours all these things have happened. In act 3 scene 1 the power of chance causes two deaths. The death of Mercutio, Romeo's best friend and Tybalt, a close relative of the Capulet's. This was caused because the Montague's gatecrashed the Capulet's ball and Tybalt wanted to teach Romeo a lesson for gate crashing the Capulet's ball. Tybalt didn't intend on killing anyone but he ended up killing Mercutio because Mercutio was defending Romeo's honour. When Romeo had realised that Tybalt had killed Mercutio from wounding him, he went after Tybalt and killed him. After this the audience know that Romeo and Juliet will not be able to be happy because Romeo will be banished from Verona which means he can never come back to Verona and the Capulet's will never let Romeo and Juliet be together because he killed Tybalt a close relative. At the beginning of act 3 scene 1 Benvolio wants to leave because the Capulet's are abroad and the prince said, quote: 'If ever you disturb these streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace' this is said at the beginning of act 3 scene and is saying that if ever another fight is caused then they all will be banished from

Plato’s Theory of Ideas :: History of Philosophy

Topic: Plato’s Theory of Ideas Student: Milena SadÃ… ¾ak Date: december, 2001 Author’s introductionary remark: Still innocent and so naà ¯ve, the common human consciousness slowly began to raise itself, giving birth thereat to great men, who will forever remain in the hearts of the â€Å"consecrated†. One of those great men was Plato. Plato as a philosopher. Plato as an artist. Plato as the birth of concsiousness of its own limitedness. Plato as my own flight from reality. Being young and inexperienced, and having read one small but important part of Plato’s great treasury of dialogues, I stood lost and confused. It is impossible for a philosopher to believe in the existence of two simultaneous worlds. But that is what his words are saying to me. Did he truly believe that our souls had existed in that perfect world, prior to their birth? Being certain that Plato did not think so, and having realized the boundaries of my understanding, I’ve consulted people who dedicated their lives to this great philosopher. I must admit that it was just then that my confusion reached its utmost point. I have never seen so many confronted opinions on the same topic. Well, we have the dialogues right in front of us, what is the thing that’s keeping us from realizing Plato’s thought as it is, and at least reduce the number of confrontations? I know what my obstacle is: youth, lack of experience, lack of knowledge, but what is theirs? CONCLUSION: The young common human consciousness created a genius, but a young one, such as itself. Youth as such carries with it the impossibility of valid thought-word transmission. The space is too big. In time, the young common consciousness perfects itself. Its improvement implies the improvement of individual consciousness. The possibility to validly transmit thought-word is greater, therefore the interspace is reduced, and the number of dissacords in interpretations of philosophical works is reduced as well. Plato still belongs to the young common consciousness, therefore, we have inummerable explanations of one and the same thing. Theory of Ideas Nowadays, Plato is rightfully considered the originator of idealism. To explain in details what the concept of idealism means represents a great difficulty and demands great effort, so I will merely define idealism as a philosophy which reduces all existence to forms of thought, or in Plato’s case, idea. The word â€Å"idea† originates from the Greek word â€Å"eidos† which literally means â€Å"appearance, image†. In Plato’s thought, â€Å"idea† represents the first principle, cause, form, shape, essence.

Assimilation of Native Americans Into Society Essay

â€Å"How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended. But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America – This opinion is probably more convenient than just. † (Henry Knox to George Washington 1970’s) Since the founding of The United States of America, the complication of dealing with the indigenous Native Americans has been prevalent. The opening quotation emphasizes the idea that our fathers grappled over what to do with the Indians since the founding of our country. Post colonial era Native Americans were discriminated against in a battle defined by â€Å"the white man versus the red man†. As American settlers and institutions expanded westward, the Indians were pushed aside not only by containing them in reservations but were often disregarded as Americans from the â€Å"civilized† and educated white American. These prejudices even came from far up the totem pole in Washington. The politics in the 19th century American Government regarding the indigenous people were defined by an era of the â€Å"Americanization of the Native American people†. This analytical research paper will address the issue of Native American assimilation and display how the efforts made by the American Government failed to shed a positive light on the indigenous people. It will also explore the founding of specific schools for Indian children, namely the Carlisle Indian Industrial School for Native Americans. The school was intended to integrate Indian children into western society by educating them and transforming their cultural beliefs. Although founder Richard Henry Pratt had good intentions for the school, it ended up doing more destruction to the Indians than success assimilating them into American society. Before the assimilation of Indians can be fully understood, the history of the segregation of the red man must be established. â€Å"Before the Civil War it had been possible to imagine that Indians and whites could remain permanently separate from on another† The national census of this time was that the minority ethnic groups did not belong in the same category as the â€Å"Americans†, and that they should remain a separate existence. The general idea was that separation was the easier and â€Å"safe† way to deal with the ethnic differences rather than entering into a group conflict. Native Americans were easier to separate into cultural groupings, because they were the ones who chose to do so. Blacks, Irish, and Native Americans alike, Hoxie asserts, â€Å"In this compartmentalized society, minority groups welcomed the opportunity to be socially isolated and culturally autonomous. † As the whites expanded westward eventually towards California and Oregon, the separation between the two ethnic groups would no longer be possible. The natives, who once claimed the North American continent as their own, were different from the generality of Americans. They were known as the â€Å"others†. Eventually, with the help of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Indians were pushed back to the west and there was a line known as the â€Å"Indian frontier†. This land came with a promise that the white man would not desire this land for generations. But as the nation expanded, the indigenous people were forced onto smaller and smaller reservations, which restricted them economically. They were mostly restricted from food and other resources. Brenda J. Child emphasizes this in her book Boarding School Seasons as she makes claims that the Ojibwe once made a lucrative profit farming rice, but â€Å"were left with a fair amount of swampland after their allotments had been made†¦Few Nett Lakers were able to maintain adequate gardens, but traditional subsistence activities, tourism, and off reservation labor maintained the band. † As the struggle to maintain their niche increased, Indians would either have to conform to society, or they would be crushed by it. The early relationship between Indians and whites was defined more like a war than the whites trying to work the Indians into society. Indian territories were often viewed as their own sovereign states rather than occupied American territory. Treaties were often agreed upon in order to separate the red man from the white. â€Å"Humanitarians believed that separation would reduce the level of violence on the frontier and provide Indians with enough time to become civilized† However, the civilization of Indians into American society would not happen on its own once the ethnic groups were separated. Political action groups such as the Friends of the Indian were formed. These groups as well as government officials started to change their beliefs into those that the American Indians should be assimilated. Paul Prucha mentions in the introduction of his book that â€Å"government officials and well meaning humanitarians and missionaries had had a hand in the operation and had sought the welfare of the Indians in their attempts to civilize and Christianize them, bringing them into conformity with the patterns of life that marked the white existence. † The goal of these advocates was not only to destroy the Indian and save the American; but more importantly they sought the ideal that assimilated Native Americans would be proof that America was an â€Å"open† society and that by gratifying the wishes of society they could acquire social equality. Henry L. Dawes was one of the outstanding figures leading the Indian policy reform in the 19th century. Dawes served in the United Government; throughout his career he was a congressman, senator, and eventually chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. He was an advocate for the allotment of land to the Indians, and the assimilation of the indigenous people into the non-Indian mainstream. He proposed the Dawes Act of 1887, which encouraged Indians to farm by â€Å"allotting† the head of house 160 acres of land. The land was private property, and small portions of it could be shared with members of the family. Dawes held strong opinions for the assimilation of Indians into white man’s society, as he proclaimed in a speech to an Indian reform group in 1884, â€Å"it were worth while to consider whether we could not make something out of him, and for the first time in the whole history of our dealings with the Indians, within a few years, we have attempted to make something out of him. † In this speech he argues that the methods of â€Å"waging war† against the Indian has been failing, and was taking the lives of both the Indian and the white man. Instead he proposes that they be assimilated, and that the Native Americans can be useful in society. He later touches on educating the Native American children, stating, â€Å"Take him as you do other children, and bring him up as you do other children. † Education then becomes a major factor in the assimilating the Native American people. The Idea that targeting the younger generation of the Indian population and shaping them into the mold of an educated white man became prevalent in assimilation techniques. â€Å"Education of the Indians was the ultimate reform† An increase of immigrants from Europe reflected a growing public support for education. Thus, if the children of the Indian were educated, they would catch on in American society and pave the way for future generations. Richard Henry Pratt was an outstanding figure in the Americanization of Native Americans. As a veteran of the Civil War, Pratt fought both alongside and against Indian warriors. He was a proponent of educating the tribal people in order to â€Å"kill the Indian, save the man†. He was well aware of the capabilities of the Indian following his tour of duty with them on the battlefield. When the war was over, Pratt insisted that he took a group of Indian prisoners to Fort Marion in Florida and educate them as well as assimilating them into American culture. He had remarkable success as he educated them in English, Christianity, art, and culture. What brought the success was that he found work for the Indians around the predominately white St. Augustine area. â€Å"He interested white benefactors in his cause and persuaded his army superiors to assign him to the work of Indian education, where he could promote and expand the approach to Indian assimilation that he had begun so dramatically at fort Marion. † Pratt’s motif was straightforward: he wanted complete integration of the Indians into white society, and all of his actions were submitted towards that goal. His next project, The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was by far his most famous and also controversial way of implementing Indians into society. His idea was to transform the abandoned Carlisle Military Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania into a boarding school for Native Americans. It wasn’t hard to persuade the government to jump on board with his idea, â€Å"Said that the government was about to adopt a new policy with the Indians; that it believed the Indian youth capable of acquiring the same education and industries as our white youth† However, it was relatively difficult to persuade chiefs of various tribes to send their children away with Pratt. In his autobiography, Pratt tells a story about going out west to propose his idea to a chief named spotted tail and after his proposal he receives the response, â€Å"We are not going to give any children to learn such ways† Pratt refutes and claims that if it weren’t for the Indians ignorance and lack of education, the American Government would not be able to take advantage of the tribes if they were educated. The chiefs reconvened and after discussing decided to send their children. In a way, Pratt used slander to get the Indians to give up their children by telling them the kids would come back and contribute. However, Pratt did not want this, as his intentions were to fully integrate the red man into society. The Carlisle Boarding School was founded in 1879. It started with about a hundred Indians and over time expanded to about a thousand. It admitted both boys and girls. Upon arrival, students were required to disrobe from their native clothes and cut their hair. The cloths were shoddy, and Pratt mentions, â€Å"It was the shoddiest of shoddy clothing. † This was the first step towards the transformation to white culture. Although students were provided with an education, daily life was rough for students at Carlisle. Students had to wake early and drill. School schedules were grueling, and the students were often underfed. Sometimes the school seemed like more a labor camp as they were instructed to perform tasks such as â€Å"The authority came, and, directed by the carpenter, the Indian boys dug the holes, set up the post, nailed on the rails and slats, and we soon had a substantial barrier which remained a satisfactory protection during my superintendency. † The school may have taught Indians mechanical and agricultural skills as well as providing an education, but it definitely was not as successful as Pratt Envisioned. There were many successes in the founding of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, but there were more mishaps. Advocates for boarding schools such as Pratt argued that the separation of Indian children from their families in combination of industrial training would reduce the tribalism in the individual. Brenda J. Child proposes, â€Å"One of the worst ideas about how to best solve the â€Å"Indian problem† mandated the separation of American Indian families. † Homesickness was extremely common in Indian boarding school students, and often led to the students back lashing against authority, or running away from the school. Sickness and death was also a very serious problem at boarding schools. â€Å"Crowded conditions are the perfect medium for the spread of disease. Small pox, chicken pox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and the common cold killed many of these children and crowding helped spread the diseases to the rest. † Students with serious sicknesses were often sent home because if they died at the school, their reputation would be devastated. The problems seemed to outweigh the advantages at boarding schools, and these factors contributed to the eventual dismissal of Richard Henry Pratt from the Superintendent position. Because Native Americans have always been distinctly different from the rest of society, efforts to assimilate Indians completely into society have been abandoned. There have still been assimilation efforts in the twentieth century, but the ideals behind them have changed. The effort to â€Å"kill the Indian, save the man† has been deemed impossible. Indian schools are successful in theory, but there is a reason that they failed and that Pratt’s unrealistic dream did not come true. Some argue that the efforts by reformers such as Dawes and Pratt were successful, but the truth is that many failures come with successes. As George Washington states, â€Å"When one side only of a story is heard and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it insensibly. † Bibliography Primary Sources Pratt, Richard H. Battlefield and classroom: four decades with the American Indian, 1867-1904. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Coleman, Michael C. American Indian Children at School, 1850-1930. n. d. Child, Brenda J. Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Text, 1998. Hoxie, Frederick E. A Final Promise: The Campaign To Assimilate The Indians, 1880-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Prucha, Francis P. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Vol. 2. N. p. : University of Nebraska Text, 1984 Duran, Eduardo, and Bonnie Duran. Native American Postcolonial Psychology. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. Prucha, Francis P. Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the â€Å"Friends of the Indian† 1880-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1973 Lee, John. â€Å"Reports of Indian Schools. Annual Report. Washington, D. C: Office other Commissioner of Indian Affairs. † From Library of Congress, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest. (1886) Leupp, Francis E. â€Å"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annual Report. Washington, D. C: Office of the Commissioner of Indian Affair. † Library of Congress, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest (1908) Dawes, Henry L. â€Å"Solving the Indian Problem. † Fifteenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners (1883): 69-70. Morgan, Thomas J. â€Å"Supplemental report on Indian Education. † House Executive Document 1, no. 2 (n. d. ): 93-104. Schultz, Jeffrey D. Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : Volume 2, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. Secondary Holm, Tom. Great Confusion in Indian Affairs : Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2005. Simonsen, Jane E. Making Home Work : Domesticity and Native American Assimilation in the American West, 1860-1919. Chappel Hill: UNC Press, 2006. authorsden. com . â€Å"WHAT WERE BOARDING SCHOOLS LIKE FOR INDIAN YOUTH?. † Hetzel, Theodore B. â€Å"WE CAN LEARN FROM AMERICAN INDIANS. † Journal of American Indian Education 4, no. 3 (1965) â€Å"The Indian School at Chemawa. † The West Shore 13, no. 1 (1887): 5-12. Davis, Julie. â€Å"American Indian Boarding School Experiences: Recent Studies from Native Perspectives. † OAH Magazine of History Vol. 15, No. 2, 2001, 20-22. Fear-Segal, Jackie. â€Å"Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900-1940 by Brenda J. Child. † Journal of American Studies 34, no. 1 (2000): 160-161. Hoerig, Karl A. â€Å"Remembering Our Indian School Days: The Boarding School Experience. † Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences by Margaret L. Archuleta; Brenda J. Child; K. Tsianina Lomawaima (2002): 642-646.